Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

finals > opthalmology > Flashcards

opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the eye produces aqueous humour

A

cilliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which cranial nerve palsy makes the eye go down and out when looking forward

A

oculomotor (cn3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which cranial nerve palsy makes the eye turn upwards and inwards when looking forward

A

trochlear (cn4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which cranial nerve palsy makes the eye turn inwards when looking forward

A

abducens (cn6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where abouts is the angle that gets blocked in acute angle closure glaucoma

A

where the trabecular meshwork is where the iris meets the cornea in the anterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of the aqueous humour

A

to nourish an hydrate the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is the anterior chamber located

A

between the cornea and the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is the posterior chamber located

A

between the iris and the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the viterous chamber located

A

behind the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of the choroid

A

essentially a spongey vascular layer that helps to provide nutrients to the outer layer of the retina and contains pigment to absorb excess light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of cilliary body

A

pupillary constriction / dilatation

produces aqueous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of the lens

A

to focus (refract) light from the pupil onto the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the conjunctiva

A

a moist clear membrane that covers the sclera, it protects and lubricates the eye ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are most cone cells found

A

fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the fovea and where is it found

A

found at the centre of the macula, produces a highly focused quality image to send to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the iris

A

to control the amount of light that is able to enter the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of cone cells

A

colour vision
better in high light levels
high spatial acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of rod cells

A

night vision
better in low light levels
low spatial acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pathophysiology of primary open angle glaucoma

A

slowly increasing resistance of trabecular meshwork to outflow of humour = gradually increasing IOP over time = asymptomatic for ages / fluctuating onset of symptoms

20
Q

symptoms of primary open angle glaucoma

A 
asymptomatic / incidental finding by optometist
gradual loss of peripheral vision
nasal scotomas / tunnel vision
halos around lights at night 
fluctuating pain (not always)
headache
21
Q

findings on fundoscopy in primary open angle glaucoma

A

optic disc cupping - meaning the indent in the optic disc (optic cup) is more than 0.7
pale optic disc from optic atrophy

22
Q

investigations to do in suspected primary open angle glaucoma

A
  1. fundoscopy
  2. assess visual fields with automated perimetry
  3. use slit lamp and dilate pupil to look for signs of optic nerve damage and assess baseline
  4. goldmann applanation tonometry to assess intra ocular pressure
23
Q

1st line treatment of primary open angle glaucoma

A

latanoprost drops - prostaglandin analogue to increase uveosacral outflow

24
Q

how does timolol drops work

A

beta blocker - decreases production of aqueous

25
Q

how does latanoprost drops work

A

increases uveosacral outflow

26
Q

how does pilocarpine drops work

A

antimuscarinic that acts on the parasympathetic fibres to induce pupillary muscle constriction = pain relief and opens the angle to allow some drainage of humour

27
Q

how does oral / iv Acetazolamide work

A

reduces aqueous production by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase

28
Q

what investigations should you do in suspected acute angle closure glaucoma

A
  1. goinoscopy - examines the anterior chamber angle
  2. slit lamp examination
  3. applanation tonometry to measure IOP
29
Q

findings on examination in acute angle closure glaucoma

A

hard, red eye
fixed dilated non reactive pupil
corneal oedema

30
Q

what should you give someone in the primary care setting pre-hospital with suspected acute angle closure glaucoma

A
  1. pilocarpine eye drops 2% if blue eyes 4% if brown eyes
  2. acetazolamide 500mg po stat
  3. antiemetic + analgesia
31
Q

presentation of acute angle closure glaucoma

A 
severely painful, red, hard eye
haloes around lights
worse in dark 
reduced visual acuity (blurred vision)
semi dilated non reacting pupil
corneal oedema - dull / hazy
N+V
32
Q

which drugs can precipitate acute angle closure

A

anticholinergics eg oxybutinin

pupil dilating eye drops eg atropine

33
Q

what is seen on fundoscopy in both types of ARMD

A

drusen (yellow spots of lipids on the retina)

34
Q

pathophysiology in ARMD

A

both: drusen formation from lipid deposits and degeneration of retinal photoreceptors
wet: get neovascularisation causing new vessels to leak fluid or haemorrhage into the retina causing retinal oedema = faster degeneration of vision

35
Q

describe the vision loss in ARMD

A

central scotoma / slow central loss of vision / loss of visual acuity of up close things / deterioration in night vision

36
Q

symptoms of ARMD

A

central scotoma, declining night vision, distortion of straight lines, seeing things flickering / flashing lights

37
Q

loss of peripheral vision and haloes around lights

A

acute glaucoma

38
Q

loss of central vision / central scotoma and blurring / waving of lines

A

ARMD

39
Q

generalised reduction in visual acuity and starbursts around lights at night time

A

cataracts

40
Q

key sign on examination in cataracts

A

loss of red reflex - will be white or grey instead

41
Q

symptoms of cataracts

A

reduced visual acuity
things may go yellowy or brown in colour
starbusts around lights at night
asymmetrical as both lenses affected differently

42
Q

treatment of cataracts

A

if not an issue then leave it alone

if reduced visual acuity severe then surgery

43
Q

findings on fundoscopy in cataracts

A

normal

44
Q

complications following cataracts surgery

A
  1. posterior capsule opacification
  2. retinal detachment
  3. endopthalmitis –> inflammation of aqueous and / or viterous humour
45
Q

name a cause of endopthalmitis

A

complication of cataracts surgery

finals (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions