Opthalmology Flashcards
when gaze is into the camera the macula is in the ________ of the image, and the optic disc is located towards the ___________
center, nose
both optic disc have some pigmentation at the perimeter of the lateral side, which is
non pathological
the lighter areas close to larger vessels (when looking using the opthalmoscope)
are regarded as normal finding in younger people
Fundus
Fundus is the interior surface of the eye, opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula and fovea, and posterior pole.
Fovea is composed of?
Fovea is composed of:
- outer pigmented layer - this layer is in contact with the choroid
- inner sensory layer - this layer is in contact with the vitreous
- macula - located at the centre of the posterior part of the retina; appears slightly oval and yellowish
- fovea - this is term used to describe the centre of the macula; this area of the retina has many cones; visual acuity is greatest here
- the optic disc is medial to the fovea (about 3 mm); the optic disc is the visual field’s blind spot and contains no rods or cones
optic disc examination considerations are?
The optic nerve head is the point at which the nerve fibres from the retina merge to form the optic nerve.
It is one of the only places in the body where the nervous system can be non-invasively visualised.
The optic nerve head is responsible for the blind spot.
Signs of nerve dysfunction include:
- falling acuity
- impaired colour
- relative pupil defect
- field defect
When examining the optic disc, the examiner should be aware of:
–the colour of the disc - normal colour is pale pink; the disc colour is more pallid in optic atrophy
- -contour:
- assess the disc margins - these may be blurred in papilloedema and optic neuritis
- optic disc may seem abnormally large in myopic eyes; also may seem oval in astigmatic eyes
- examine blood vessels - these radiate away from the optic disc; there is a normal arterial/venous width ratio of 2:3 - venous engorgement occurs in retinal vein thrombosis
- -cup:
- examine the cup of the optic disc - a physiological cup occurs centrally and occupies approximately 1/3 of the disc diameter. Deepening and widening of the cup occurs in glaucoma
examination of the eye should include
- Introduction & consent
- Wash hands
- General inspection of the eyes
- Visual acuity
- Visual fields
- Pupillary reflexes
- Fundoscopy
adjustment of the opthalmoscope is needed when
you or patient wear glasses
when starting the opthalmoscope exam ask patient to look at __________
Look at a distance object and not at the light!!
when the patient look at the light you’ll visualise _______
macula, which is red and featureless in a normal patient
Also when examining, on left side use_____ hand, on right side use right hand, - if you come in front of them then they will not be a be to look at the distance object and will be very hard not to look at the light
left hand
the most important thing is that we visualised the ___________- this is at 30 degrees from the nose on a horizontal plane - so you HAVE to ________ your knees to maintain the horizontal position!! so that you are seeing the retina at a horizontal level - where you can see the ________
OPTIC DISC, BEND, optic disc
______ is the major__________ and we can look at the retinal vessels and finally the macula
OPTIC DISC, LANDMARK
if you can see the red reflex then that mean there is no _______ defect
cataral
______ move close, at a ___ degree from nose HORIZONTAL plane and don’t need to adjust the lens at this point - until you visualised the _______ ___
slowly , 30 degree, optic disc
