Opthal 2

Question 1

What are causes of central field loss ?

Answer 1

ARMD, optic neuropathy, Leber’s optic atrophy, cone dystrophies, retinal artery occlusion

Question 2

What are causes of peripheral field loss?

Answer 2

Glaucoma

Retinal detachment

Retinitis pigmentosa

Chorioretinitis

Question 3

Causes of dry eyes?

Answer 3

Sjogren’s

Lacrimal gland insifficeicny (age, congenital)

Lacrimal gland obstruction (burns, erythema multiforme)

Medications (antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics)

Low humidity

Blepharitis

Question 4

What is blepharitis? Presentation? Management?

Answer 4

Red eye + bilateral grittiness/discomfort in eyelid margins

Hot compresses + artificial tears

Question 5

What are red flags when investigating blephritis?

Answer 5

severe eye apin, visual loss, photophobia, marked redness in on eye, diploplia and acute onset

Question 6

What investigations for blepharitis?

Answer 6

Slit-lamp

Tear break up time (>10s)

Schirmer’s test

Question 7

How to investigate and manage corneal abrasion?

Answer 7

Apply local anaesthetic (tetracaine)

Stain with fluorescin and should show sign of healing within 48 hrs

Apply chloramphenicol eye ointment
and dilate pupil

Re-stain after 24 hrs if foreign body sensation remains

Question 8

Important points to consider when investigating red eye?

Answer 8

Pain

Discharge/lacrimation
Photophobia (uveitis/keratitis)
Visual acuity
Contact lens? (microbial keratitis)

Systemic - headache, N+V (intraocular pressure assessment), Coryzal illness

Question 9

When performing pinhole vision testing, what do they results indicate?

Answer 9

Vision improves = likely refractive

Worse = macular pathology

Question 10

What is conjunctivitis? What are the variations?

Answer 10

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

Bulbar - covers sclera up to cornea

Palpebral - covers eyelid

Question 11

Causes conjuctiviits?

Answer 11

Infectious

Allergic

Mechanical

Irritative

Toxic

Immune-mediated

neoplastic

Question 12

Presentation of conjunctivitis?

Answer 12

Sore red eye
Discharge
Irritation
Grittiness
Discomfort
Discharge - serous (viral), thick(eyes stuck together) - bacterial

Photophobia

Question 13

Viral and bacterial causes of conjunctivitis?

Answer 13

Viral - Adenovirus, HSV, HZV and molluscum contagoisum - follows URTI
- topical acyclovir needed

Bacterial - staph, strep, haemophilus influenzae
-azithromycin drops, ceftriaxone systemic