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NS1NS1 > Opt - Lec1a - Anatomy > Flashcards

Opt - Lec1a - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 anatomical structures involved in tear drainage

A

Lacrimal puncta
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct

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2
Q

Name the gland involved in tear production and how many portions does it consist of

A

Lacrimal gland

2

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3
Q

How many bones form the adnexa orbit

A

7 (B1-7)

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4
Q

How many canals and fissures are there in the adnexa orbit and which canal does the optic nerve and blood vessels pass?

A

C1-3

Through C1

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5
Q

What is Orbital Cellulitis

A

An infection that spreads to the eye from neighbouring sinuses

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6
Q

What are the extraocular muscles?

A

Four pairs of recti (R1-4)

Two pairs of obliques (O1-2)

Levator papebrae superioris

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7
Q

What are the common disorders optometrists screen for concerning the extraocular muscles?

A

Strabismus - refers to ‘squint’

Amblyopia - ‘lazy eye’

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8
Q

What part of the eyelid closes eyes and how does it assist in tear drainage?

A

Orbicularis oculi

Pumping action on lacrimal canaliculi and sac

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9
Q

Which muscle opens eyes; normally

Wide with fright

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

Tarsal Muscles

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10
Q

What is the meibomian gland?

A

Gland in the eyelid that secretes a portion a tears that prevents dry eye

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11
Q

What disorders of the eyelid do optometrists screen for?

A

Blepharitis - common and sometimes called ‘dandruff’ of the eyelid

Chalazion - common eyelid lump caused by infected eyelashes or glands

Ectropion - eyelid is turned out and can occur with age and lead to damage of the eye surface

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12
Q

What is the conjunctiva and why is it important?

A

Mucosal Epithelium that forms continuous sac over the sclera (White of the eye) and the inner surface of the eyelids

Why it is not possible to lose a contact lens around the back of the eye

Secretes mucus that lubricates the eyes surface

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13
Q

Name 2 conjunctival disorders optometrists screen for

A

Conjunctivitis - commonly occurs due to dry eye, allergy and viral or bacterial infection

Pinguecula - common age related and harmless degeneration of the conjunctiva (seen as areas of yellowing on older eyes)

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14
Q

Which part of the eye has the most refractive power?

A

Cornea - why laser refractive surgery is so effective - reshape so the cornea to correct refractive errors

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15
Q

Describe 3 of the anatomical layers of the cornea

A

Epithelium - has rapid healing properties ( :) contact users)

Stroma - thickest layer - regular collagen fibres which ensure transparency

Endothelium - thinnest layer - regulates water content maintaining transparency

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16
Q

How do optometrists measure corneal shape?

A

Keratoscopy/Keratometry

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17
Q

What is Keratitis?

A

Inflammation of the cornea

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18
Q

What is the Sclera?

And why can it appear - a. Bluish and b. yellowish

A

White part of fibrous layer of the eye consisting of 3 layers including the episclera (containing lots of blood vessels) and stroma (thickest layer, irregular collagen fibres therefore opaque) and the lamina fusca (innermost zone made up of elastic fibres)

Bluish in young children because sclera is thin or possibility of collagen disease

Yellowish in elderly (lipid deposits) or possibility of jaundice

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19
Q

What sclera disorders do optometrists screen for?

A

Episcleritis - harmless form of red-eye

Scleritis - painful and more serious form of red-eye that can threaten sight

20
Q

What is the transition zone between the cornea and sclera called and what is its role?

A

Limbus or Trabecular meshwork

Involved in aqueous humour drainage. Aqueous humour is like transparent blood that feeds cornea and crystalline lens

21
Q

What Limbal disorders do optometrists screen for?

A

Tonometry - method of checking intra-ocular pressure that rises if the trabecular meshwork is blocked

Glaucoma - results from blockage of the trabecular meshwork

22
Q

Which layer of the eye is the Iris a part of?

A

Vascular layer

23
Q

Name the muscle involved in MIOSIS (constriction of the pupil)

A

Sphincter Pupillae

24
Q

Name the muscle involved in MYDRIASIS (dilation of the pupil)

A

Dilator Pupillae

25
Q

What is the role of the ciliary muscle?

A

Smooth muscle that brings about accommodation (allows eye to focus) via attachments to the crystalline lens

26
Q

What is the role of the ciliary processes?

A

Secrete aqueous humour

Some anti-glaucoma drugs reduce aqueous humour production from the ciliary body

27
Q

What is Anterior Uvetitis

A

Very serious form of painful ‘red-eye’ that may involve the ciliary body

Occurs with iritis

28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Choroid?

The posterior part of the vascular layer of the eye

A

Bruch’s membrane - passes material to and from retina

Vascular layer = contains numerous blood vessels that bring nourishment to the retina

Suprachoroid - contains melanin to absorb stray light

29
Q

Disorders that may affect the choroid include

A

Choroiditis - occurs with posterior uveitis and is a threat to sight

Macular degeneration - may arise from disfunction of Bruch’s membrane

30
Q

Name 3 key components of the crystalline lens

A

Lens capsule - governs shape changes that occur during accommodation

Cortex - youngest lens fibres

Nucleus - oldest lens fibres

31
Q

How is the transparency of the crystalline lens maintained?

A

Crystallins - soluble proteins

Regular arrangement of lens fibres

Lack of cellular organelles

Antioxidants

32
Q

Name 2 common disorders of the crystalline lens

A

Cataract - occurs when mechanisms that maintain transparency fail

Presbyopia - Occurs when the lens can no longer bring about accommodation therefore reading glasses required

33
Q

What is the role of the Vitreous body

A

It is a transparent gel that mechanically supports crystalline lens and retina

Has a refractive component

34
Q

What are the 2 disorders of the Vitreous body that are associated with “floaters”

A

VITREOUS SYNERESIS - commonly occurs when the vitreous starts breaking down with age

POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT - occurs when the vitreous body comes away from the back of the eye leading to a large floater

reports of flashes of light could indicate possible retinal tear or detachment

35
Q

Name and give the role of the 4 types of cells present in the retina

A

Rods - predominate in periphery

Cones - predominate in fovea

Bipolar and ganglion cells integrate and process photoreceptors signals

36
Q

The optic nerve head is the route by which

A

Ganglion cell nerve fibres take visual signals from eye to brain

Central retinal arteries enter eye

Central retinal veins leave eye

37
Q

Why is the optic nerve head a physiological blind spot?

And how is it typically shaped?

A

Because photoreceptors are absent

Cupped

38
Q

Name 2 common disorders that might cause optic nerve damage

A

Glaucoma - may cause exaggerated cupping of the optic nerve head

Brain disease - may cause optic. Nerve swelling or pallor

39
Q 
The ocular adnexa include all EXCEPT: 
A. Extraocular muscles
B. Conjunctiva 
C. Lacrimal gland
D. Cornea
E. Eye-lids
A

Cornea (? Check paper copy of lecture)

40
Q

Is this statement true or false?

Contraction of the sphincter Pupillae brings about MYDRIASIS

A

False - Contraction of the sphincter Pupillae brings about MIOSIS - constricts the pupil

MYDRIASIS = dilation of the pupil is caused by the Diltor Pupillae

41
Q

Is this statement true or false?

Ciliary processes are connections between the ciliary body and the crystalline lens

A

False - Ciliary processes secrete aqueous humour

It is the ciliary muscle that attaches the ciliary body and crystalline lens to bring about accommodation

42
Q

Is this statement true or false?

The Uveal tract is made up of the iris, ciliary body and the choroid

A

True

43
Q

Is this statement true or false?

Macular degeneration may occur due to dysfunction of the supra choroid

A

False - Macular degeneration may arise from dysfunction of Bruch’s membrane

44
Q

Is this statement true or false?

The nucleus of the crystalline lens governs lens shape during accommodation

A

False - the LENS CAPSULE governs shape changes that occur during accommodation

The Nucleus is the oldest lens fibres

45
Q

What is the ocular adnexa

A

Lacrimal apparatus, orbit, extra ocular muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva

NS1NS1 (20 decks)

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