opposition to nicholas ii 1894-1905 Flashcards
what pressures were applied by political threats to nicholas ii
pressured him to make reforms that reduced his autocratic powers
what were the objectives of the liberals (westerners)
demanded that russia should be governed in the same fashion as western democracies
supported by the emergence of zemstva and demanded greater freedom and justice for all russians
demanded fairer land distribution for peasants, improved industrial worker conditions and a representative constituent assembly
what were the objectives of the kadets
after the 1905 revolution, they demanded a constitutional monarchy. this was led by Paul Milyukov.
what were the objectives of the octobrists
wanted to change the systems of government
displayed unloyalty to the tsar but supported his october manifesto
was the liberal movement a threat
no. it involved a small proportion of the population, had no organised political party and limited ways to express their concerns
had little support from peasants so limited influence on policies
who were the populists and what were their objectives
they were revolutionaries who emerged in the 1870s
argued that agricultural communes and workshops would provide a base for the russian economy to develop without resorting to capitalism
were the populists successfull / threatening
were not threatening in 1894 as they failed to mobilise large scale support
their method of preaching to peasants had little success in rural communities
it was important as it marked a shift in attempts to represent the interests of people in urban areas of russia
who were the socialist revolutionaries and what were their objectives
they developed from the populist movement. formed in 1901 and led by Chernov
they focused on improving living conditions for the poorest in society especially the growing urban working class
who were the socialist revolutionaries and what were their objectives
they developed from the populist movement. formed in 1901 and led by Chernov
they focused on improving living conditions for the poorest in society especially the growing urban working class
what threat did the socialist revolutionaries pose
they split into a radical left and moderate right
the left were responsible for over 2000 political killings
the right worked with other parties to gather support after 1905 revolution
despite divisons, they had the most support of opposition and were the biggest threat before the 1917 october revolution
who were the social democrats (marxists)
based their ideology on Karl Marx, who believed the working class could be educated to overthrow Russian Autocracy by revolution
the party was founded in 1898 with the objective to encourage consciousness of the working class
what were the methods / objectives of the SD
focused on practical concerns such as lowering working hours and improving pay rates. the main instigators were Lenin and Martov
Lenin produced ‘What is to be Done?’ in 1901, which outlined the idea that a complete overthrow of the tsar could be achieved if they were led by a politically educated elite
what impact did lenin’s pamphlet have on the Social Democratic Party
it had minimal impact in the short term. Lenin’s view caused a division in the SD, forming the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
Mensheviks wanted political/economic/social change.
Bolsheviks argued that workers were capable of becoming sufficiently politically educated to form a revolution
how much of a threat were the Bolsheviks?
they used terrorism and robbery to acheive funding (bank robbery)
the estimated numbers were 5-10 thousand which was not a threat to the authorities
overall, they were not viewed as a major threat
who were the national minorities
russian empire consisted of great russia and the national minorities, who were other countries that did not originate from russia
loyalists: finns, baltics, armenians
rebels: poles, ukranians, tartars
how much of a threat were the Polish to Tsar Nicholas II
industrialisation in 1890s emerged an interst in marxism and socialism. worker’s political parties were formed. nationalism also re-emerged
nicholas allowing this political activity indicated they were a minor threat to him, and that he trusted polish politicians.
how much of a threat were the ukranians
nationalism was not as strong as in poland but they still looked to build a separate cultural identity, reflected through their literature and arts.
nicholas continued russification as a response
what was russification
process of merging all european nationalities into one nationalisty of russian.
it was a key tsarist policy after 1991, the tsars believed it would lead to a stronger and united empire
who were the caucasians and what objectives did they have
lived in the caucasious area of russia. lacked education and were illiterate so it made russification easy
they opposed nicholas ii’s repressive measures by organising self-defence military units to combat intrusion by russian officials
they posed a significant and continuous threat to the tsar’s authority
who were the finns and what were their objectives
in 1865, finland was integrated into the russian empire which provoked much opposition. after the 1905 revolution/ riots they were granted full autonomy
however this was revoked by stolypin later that year.
tsar’s neglection of their demands for freedom brewed opposition
what were the balkan’s objectives and how much of a threat were they
native russians migratic to baltic provinces, so naturally there was russian economic influence. this made russification inevitable and easy
this sparked a rise in nationalism which created pressure on nicholas ii but not enough to grant independence
how much of a threat were the jews and what were their ideologies
posed direct opposition to nicholas ii, who continued anti-semitic traditions after his predecessor
accused of being revolutionaries as some were affiliated with the SDs
