Opiates

Question 1

What are the three Opiates?

Answer 1

MORPHINE, CODEINE, THEBAINE

Question 2

What are the 4 Opiate Derivatives?

Answer 2

HEROIN, NUMOPRHAN, PERCODAN, HYDOCAN

Question 3

What are the 5 Synthetic Opiates?

Answer 3

METHADONE, DEMEROL, DARVON, LAAM, BUPRENORPHINE

Question 4

What are the acute effects of Heroin?

Answer 4

Almost immediate tingling sensation and a sudden feeling off warmth in lower abdomen ( when injected- MAINLINE)

Intense Euphoria

Subsequent tranquil drowsiness (uncontrollable- its like they all of a sudden lose consciousness)

Diminishment of sexual desire

Question 5

What are the symptoms of Heroin Withdrawal?

Answer 5

Elevated body temperature

Increased blood pressure

GOOSEBUMPS (piloerection)

Tearing-Runny Nose

Diarrhea

Yawning, panting, sneezing

Spontaneous ejaculations and orgasms

Restlessness, involuntary kicking movements (basal ganglia problems)

Insomnia

Pain and Irritability

Depression and Anxiety

Question 6

In 1914 the Harrison Act was made- What is it?

Answer 6

Morphine and Heroin were made illegal because the soldiers were getting addicted to it during the civil war.

Question 7

What happened in 1803?

Answer 7

Friedrich W. A. Sertuner identifies morphine as the active ingredient in opium

Question 8

During the mid 1900’s the principle supplier of Heroin shifted from Asia to where?

Answer 8

South America

Question 9

Who makes 90% of the worlds Opium?

Answer 9

Afghanistan

Question 10

How do you prepare Opium for use?

Answer 10

Boil

The Akaloids Dissole

Strain

Evaporate them through boiling (dehydrate them)

Paste Remains - whatever the weight of the paste is , will be sold to the Cartel, who will then turn it into heroin

Question 11

Opium -to- Heroin

Answer 11

Extracting Morphine:
Dissolve the opium in boiling water
Precipitate other alkaloids (over 35 different)
Pour off solution containing morphine
add ammonium chloride to morphine solution
Heat to precipitate morphine
and you end up with Morphine base = Heroin Number 1 (dark brown chunks)

Question 12

From Morphine to Heroin

Answer 12

Heroin Number 2 (heroin base)

Acetylation of Morphine
add acetic acid to morphine chunks
heat 2 hrs at 85 degrees Celsius
Cool, dissolve in water, add sodium carbonate

NOTE: acetylation increases lipid solubility and passage into brain

Your basically just adding acetic acid to morphine and you get heroin after heating it cooling it and adding sodium carbonate

Question 13

What is Heroin Number 1?

Answer 13

Morphine Base

Question 14

What is Heroin Number 2

Answer 14

Heroin Base

Question 15

What is Heroin Number 3?

Answer 15

For Smoking

Question 16

What is Heroin Number 4?

Answer 16

For Injecting

Question 17

What is Black Tar?

Answer 17

A New Form of Heroin found in the 1980’s

relatively pure and inexpensive (purity can vary not always pure)

From Mexico and illegal drug laboratories in the United States

Question 18

What is Fetanyl?

Answer 18

A new form of Heroin found in the 1980s

a prescription narcotic drug, 10 to 1000 x stronger than regular heroin (powerful narcotic effect- alleviates and calms)- strongly analgesic, reduces pain

Chine White - Heroin Number 4 (snort, inject, smoke)

Question 19

Who is Lou Reed?

Answer 19

He made a song about Heroin. He said he was married to the drug, Heroin is your wife, your life, its your lover, and being without it means your lost

Question 20

Mechanisms of Action-

Answer 20

In the 1970’s there were early clues that brainthat endogenous opioids- that there were receptors for opiates in the brain.

Electrical stimulation of the brain led to less pain sensitivity (i.e. analgesia)

Displaceable binding of morphine to brain tissue- It binded to the brain because there is an actual receptors there for morphine. A receptor that binds with morphine- this means that our body must make morphine which led to the discovery of Endoprhines- Enkephlans- and Dynorphin- which are now known as our Opioid Peptides

Question 21

What are the Four Opiate Receptors ?

Answer 21

Mu, Delta, Kappa, Sigma

Question 22

What is Mu and what is it named after?

Answer 22

Mu is the first opiate receptor to be discovered. It is named after Morphine.

It is bound by morphine . Morphine was binding the the Mu receptors

Question 23

ACTIONS OF HEROIN….

Answer 23

Heroin enters the brain (acts fairly quickly- instantaneous reaction)

Enzymes remove acetyl groups ( CONVERTS BACK INTO MORPHINE)

Back to morphine

Binds to Mu Receptors ( receptors are really for the endorphines however morphine can bind to them)

Effects: POSITIVE FEELINGS- ANALGESIA

Question 24

What are the four Opioid Peptides?

Answer 24

Enkepphalin, Beta-Endorphin, Dynorphin, and Endomorphins

Question 25

ENKEPHALIN

Answer 25

Opioid Peptide- was the first one discovered

Greatest affinity for Delta (receptor)

Question 26

BETA- ENDORPHIN

Answer 26

Opioid Peptide

Binds Mu and Delta Equally

Question 27

DYNORPHIN

Answer 27

Opioid Peptide

Kappa receptors -when stimulates can reduce Dopamine in the Nucleus accumbens

Question 28

Endomorphins

Answer 28

Newest Discovery of Opioid Peptides

Greatest affinity for Mu

Question 29

During withdrawal… what happens when we overstimulate our Kappa Receptors?

Answer 29

Overstimulating our Kappa Receptors reduces Dopamine in our Nucleus accumbens and leads to going to get that 1 hit.

Question 30

What are the function of Opioid Peptides?

Answer 30

They are distributed in the emotional areas of the brain, and throughout the spinal cord (major portal of entry for any physical stimulation (pain etc))

Their functions include: Regulation of emotion, Modulation of Memory, and Analgeisa

Question 31

Buprenorphine- Naloxone

Answer 31

Reduces craving of Opiates- allows person to go through desensitization process without cravings or less cravings