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Ophthalmology Pharmacology Flashcards

Ocular Pharmacology for the South African undergraduate medical student (Bachelors of Medicine and Bachelors of Surgery). 1. Understand the ocular effects of ocular drugs 2. Understand the systemic effects of ocular drugs 3. Understand the ocular effects of systemic drugs

1
Q

Fluorescein Stains What?

A

Collagen

Mucus

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2
Q

Side Effects of Fluorescein

A

Permanent staining of contact lenses

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3
Q

Examples of Topical Anaesthetics

A

Proxymetacaine
Benoxinate
Tetracaine

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4
Q

Uses of Ocular Topical Anaesthetics

A

Examining painful corneal conditions
Sciotz tonometry
Foreign body removal from cornea/conjunctiva

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5
Q

Negative Effects of Topical Anaesthetics

A

Toxic to epithelium
Inhibit mitosis and cell migration
Permanent corneal damage

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6
Q

Examples of Anticholinergic Cycloplegics

A
  1. Atropine sulphate 0.5% or 1%
  2. Scopolamine hydrobromide 0.25%
  3. Cyclopentolate HCl 0.5% or 1%
  4. Tropicamide 0.5% or 1%
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7
Q

Specific use of Atropine

A

Hyphaema

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8
Q

Specific use of Cyclopentolate

A

Anterior Uveitis

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9
Q

Specific use of Tropicamide

A

Diagnostic

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10
Q

Side-Effects of Anticholinergic Cycloplegics

A

Nause and vomiting
Pallor
Vasomotor disturbances

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11
Q

Mechanism of Action: Sympathomimetic Mydriatics

A

Stimulate dilator pupillae

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12
Q

Example: Sympathomimetic Mydriatics

A

Phenylephrine HCl 2.5%

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13
Q

Examples: Topical Ocular Decongestants

A

Naphazoline HCL 0.12%
Phenylephrine HCl 0.12%
Tetrahydrozaline HCl 0.05%

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14
Q

Side-Effects: Topical Ocular Decongestants

A

Rebound vasodilation
Tolerance
Angle closure glaucoma

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15
Q

Examples: Topical Ocular Antibiotics

A 
Sulphacetamide
Neomycin
Gentamicin
Chloramphenicol
Ciprofloxacin
Tetracycline
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16
Q

Examples: Topical Ocular Antivirals

A

Acyclovir
Trifluridine
Idoxuridine
Vidarabine

17
Q

Examples: Topical Ocular Antifungals

A

Amphotericin B

Natamycin

18
Q

Examples: Topical NSAIDS

A

Indomethacin

Na diclofenac

19
Q

Examples: Topical Ocular Steroids

A

Prednisolone
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Fluormethalone

20
Q

Agents Used in Glaucoma

A
  1. Cholinergic agonists - pilocarpine
  2. Adrenergic agonists - adrenaline
  3. Non-selective B-blockers - timolol maleate
  4. Selective B-blockers - betaxolol
  5. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - acetazolamide
  6. Prostaglandin Agonists - latanoprost
  7. Hyperosmotic agents - in acute angle closure
21
Q

Ocular Side-Effects of Corticosteroids

A

Glaucoma

Posterior sub-capsular cataracts

22
Q

Ocular Side-Effects: Chloroquine

A

Corneal deposits –> photophobia, glare

Maculopathy –> LOV

23
Q

Ocular Side-Effects: Digitalis

A

Dull vision
Chromatopsia
Ocular toxicity

24
Q

Ocular Side-Effects: Phenytoin

A

Nystagmus (cerebellovestibular side-effects)

Ophthalmoplegia

25
Ocular Side-Effects: Ethambutol
Optic neuropathy (within 1 month of tx)
26
Ocular Side-Effects: Chlorpromazine
Reversible punctate corneal epithelial opacities | Irreversible lenticular opacities
27
Ocular Side-Effects:Thioridazine
Pigmentary retinopathy
28
Systemic Side-Effects: B-Blockers
Bronchospasm Aggravate cardiac conduction defects/cardiac failure Aggravate peripheral vascular disease Elevate blood glucose
29
Systemic Side-Effects: Parasympathomimetics
``` Lacrimation Salivation Perspiration Nausea and vomiting Diarrhoea ```
30
Systemic Side-Effects: Sympathomimetics
Hypertension | Cardiac arrhythmias
31
Pharmacological no-nos for a GP
Instilling eye-drops incorrectly Dilating pupils with atropine Local anaesthetic drops TTO Prescribe topical ocular steroids

Ophthalmology (2 decks)

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