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Year 4 pharmacology and drugs > Ophthalmology drugs > Flashcards

Ophthalmology drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in relation to aqueous humour production

A

they stop production of aqueous humour

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2
Q

give examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

topical dorzolamide

oral acetazolamide

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3
Q

eye drops require more frequent administration, true or false

A

true

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4
Q

ointments are soothing and can blur vision and so is better applied at night, true or false

A

true

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5
Q

the cornea is a water:lipid:water sandwich, true or false

A

false

the cornea is a lipid:water:lipid sandwich

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6
Q

the corneal epithelium is lipo/hydrophilic

A

lipophilic

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7
Q

the corneal stroma is lipo/hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic

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8
Q

the corneal endothelium is lipo/hydrophilic

A

lipophilic

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9
Q

chloramphenicol has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties, true or false

A

true

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10
Q

Steroid + phosphate = hydrophilic/phobic

A

hydrophilic

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11
Q

Steroid + alcohol or acetate = hydrophilic/phobic

A

hydrophobic

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12
Q

what is the purpose of benzalkonium chloride

A

limits build up of contaminants in bottles - preservative

helps to increase corneal penetration

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13
Q

how are intravitreal drugs administered

A

with a needle through the ciliary body to avoid poking a hole in the retina - retinal detachment

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14
Q

indications for topical steroids

A

post-op cataracts - prevent corneal graft rejection

uveitis

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15
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of action by which anti glaucoma medications work

A

open drainage

close tap

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16
Q

examples of glaucoma drugs that open drainage

A

prostanoids eg latonoprost, bimatoprost
alpha agonists eg brimonodine
parasympathomimetics eg pilocarpine

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17
Q

examples of glaucoma drugs that close the tap

A

B blockers eg timolol, betaxolol
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
alpha agonists eg brimonodine

18
Q

how does local anaesthetic work

A

blocks Na channels and impedes nerve conduction

19
Q

use of fluroscein dye drops

A

used to highlight epithelial damage under blue light

20
Q

examples where you would use fluroscein drops

A

corneal abrasion
dendritic ulcer
Seidel’s test
tonometry

21
Q

what are mydriatics and their use

A

sympathomimetic causing pupil dilation

used when performing fundoscopy

22
Q

examples of mydriatics

A

tropicamide

cyclopentolate

23
Q

side effects of mydriatics

A

blurring - wait a few hours before driving

acute glaucoma

24
Q

what effect do parasympathomimetics have on pupil size

give an examples

A

cause pupil constriction

pilocarpine

25
Q

is it ok to give topical steroids for herpetic keratitis?

A

NO

26
Q

what ocular side effect can ethambutol cause

A

optic neuropathy

27
Q

what ocular side effect can hydroxychloroquine cause

A

maculopathy

28
Q

how do prostaglandins work in glaucoma

A

increase uveoscleral outflow

make iris vessels more leaky

29
Q

acetazolamide is very effective at reducing IOP, true or false

A

true

30
Q

list systemic side effects of acetazolamide

A

paraesthesia
peri oral tingling
renal calculi

31
Q

dorzolamide is not very effective, true or false

A

true

32
Q

list local side effects of pilocarpine

A

pupil constriction - pain
dimming of vision
problems at night

33
Q

surgical management of glaucoma

A

trabeculectomy

34
Q

chloramphenicol binds to __S ribosomal unit and is bacteriostatic/cidal

A

50S

bacteriostatic

35
Q

Gentamicin binds to __S and __S ribosomes

A

30S + 50S

36
Q

how do quinalones work

A

inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

37
Q

examples of stains and their use

A

fluroscein - de epithelialisation

rose bengal - de vitalisation

38
Q

what do sympathomimetics do to pupil size

A

dilate pupils

39
Q

examples of sympathomimetics / mydriatics

A

tropicamide
cyclopentolate
atropine
phenylephrine

40
Q

Which drugs can precipitate closed angle glaucoma

A

tricyclic antidepressants
sulphonamides
antimuscarinics

41
Q

what is PAP (prostaglandin associated periorbitopathy)

A 
eyelid and orbital changes that occur with administration of prostaglandin drops e.g. 
eyelash lengthening
upper lid ptosis 
deepening of sulcus 
increased pigmentation 
eyelid tightening
42
Q

what is diamox

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Year 4 pharmacology and drugs (18 decks)

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