Ophthalmology drugs

Question 1

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in relation to aqueous humour production

Answer 1

they stop production of aqueous humour

Question 2

give examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 2

topical dorzolamide

oral acetazolamide

Question 3

eye drops require more frequent administration, true or false

Answer 3

true

Question 4

ointments are soothing and can blur vision and so is better applied at night, true or false

Answer 4

true

Question 5

the cornea is a water:lipid:water sandwich, true or false

Answer 5

false

the cornea is a lipid:water:lipid sandwich

Question 6

the corneal epithelium is lipo/hydrophilic

Answer 6

lipophilic

Question 7

the corneal stroma is lipo/hydrophilic

Answer 7

hydrophilic

Question 8

the corneal endothelium is lipo/hydrophilic

Answer 8

lipophilic

Question 9

chloramphenicol has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties, true or false

Answer 9

true

Question 10

Steroid + phosphate = hydrophilic/phobic

Answer 10

hydrophilic

Question 11

Steroid + alcohol or acetate = hydrophilic/phobic

Answer 11

hydrophobic

Question 12

what is the purpose of benzalkonium chloride

Answer 12

limits build up of contaminants in bottles - preservative

helps to increase corneal penetration

Question 13

how are intravitreal drugs administered

Answer 13

with a needle through the ciliary body to avoid poking a hole in the retina - retinal detachment

Question 14

indications for topical steroids

Answer 14

post-op cataracts - prevent corneal graft rejection

uveitis

Question 15

what are the 2 mechanisms of action by which anti glaucoma medications work

Answer 15

open drainage

close tap

Question 16

examples of glaucoma drugs that open drainage

Answer 16

prostanoids eg latonoprost, bimatoprost
alpha agonists eg brimonodine
parasympathomimetics eg pilocarpine

Question 17

examples of glaucoma drugs that close the tap

Answer 17

B blockers eg timolol, betaxolol
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
alpha agonists eg brimonodine

Question 18

how does local anaesthetic work

Answer 18

blocks Na channels and impedes nerve conduction

Question 19

use of fluroscein dye drops

Answer 19

used to highlight epithelial damage under blue light

Question 20

examples where you would use fluroscein drops

Answer 20

corneal abrasion
dendritic ulcer
Seidel’s test
tonometry

Question 21

what are mydriatics and their use

Answer 21

sympathomimetic causing pupil dilation

used when performing fundoscopy

Question 22

examples of mydriatics

Answer 22

tropicamide

cyclopentolate

Question 23

side effects of mydriatics

Answer 23

blurring - wait a few hours before driving

acute glaucoma

Question 24

what effect do parasympathomimetics have on pupil size

give an examples

Answer 24

cause pupil constriction

pilocarpine

Question 25

is it ok to give topical steroids for herpetic keratitis?

Answer 25

NO

Question 26

what ocular side effect can ethambutol cause

Answer 26

optic neuropathy

Question 27

what ocular side effect can hydroxychloroquine cause

Answer 27

maculopathy

Question 28

how do prostaglandins work in glaucoma

Answer 28

increase uveoscleral outflow | make iris vessels more leaky

Question 29

acetazolamide is very effective at reducing IOP, true or false

Answer 29

true

Question 30

list systemic side effects of acetazolamide

Answer 30

paraesthesia peri oral tingling renal calculi

Question 31

dorzolamide is not very effective, true or false

Answer 31

true

Question 32

list local side effects of pilocarpine

Answer 32

pupil constriction - pain dimming of vision problems at night

Question 33

surgical management of glaucoma

Answer 33

trabeculectomy

Question 34

chloramphenicol binds to __S ribosomal unit and is bacteriostatic/cidal

Answer 34

50S | bacteriostatic

Question 35

Gentamicin binds to __S and __S ribosomes

Answer 35

30S + 50S

Question 36

how do quinalones work

Answer 36

inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

Question 37

examples of stains and their use

Answer 37

fluroscein - de epithelialisation | rose bengal - de vitalisation

Question 38

what do sympathomimetics do to pupil size

Answer 38

dilate pupils

Question 39

examples of sympathomimetics / mydriatics

Answer 39

tropicamide cyclopentolate atropine phenylephrine

Question 40

Which drugs can precipitate closed angle glaucoma

Answer 40

tricyclic antidepressants sulphonamides antimuscarinics

Question 41

what is PAP (prostaglandin associated periorbitopathy)

Answer 41

``` eyelid and orbital changes that occur with administration of prostaglandin drops e.g. eyelash lengthening upper lid ptosis deepening of sulcus increased pigmentation eyelid tightening ```

Question 42

what is diamox

Answer 42

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor