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All conditions - Year 3 > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cataracts

A

Opacification of the lens of the eye

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2
Q

What are causes of Cataracts

A

Most are idiopathic

Secondary
Local: Trauma, uveitis
Systemic: DM, Wilson’s disease, Scleroderma, Steroids
Congenital: Congenital rubella syndrome

Major cause of treatable blindness worldwide

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Cataracts

A
  • Gradual-onset painless loss of vision
  • Glare from bright light - Loss of red reflex

Some

  • Vision may worsen in bright light
  • Monoocular diplopia with haloes around lights
  • Begin to read without glasses

Hazy lens appearance
Reduced visual acuity

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4
Q

How is Cataracts diagnosed

A

Glare vision test - Reduced visual acuity

Slit lamp examination of the anterior chamber - Cataract visible

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5
Q

What is Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Associated inflammation of the cornea = Keratoconjunctivitis
Associated eyelid involvement = Blepharoconjunctivitis

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6
Q

What are causes of Conjunctivitis

A

Infectious
Viral - Adenovirus, HSV, EBV, VZV
Bacterial - Pneumoccocus, Staph aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae

Non-infectious
Allergic 
Mechanical/irritative/toxic
Immune-mediated
Neoplastic
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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Conjunctivitis

A
  • Red eye
  • Irritation, discomfort and grittiness
  • Discharge (may be watery, mucoid, sticky or purulent depending on cause)
  • Photophobia (suggest corneal involvement)
  • Visual acuity usually unaltered
  • Conjunctival injection (Blood shot eyes)
  • Dilated conjunctival vessels
  • Conjunctival chemosis (swell of the conjunctiva)
  • Conjunctival follicles (round collections of lymphocytes appearing as small dome-shaped nodules)
  • Conjunctival papillae (associated with allergic immune response)
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8
Q

How is Conjunctival diagnosed

A

Clinical diagnosis

Causative:
Rapid adenovirus immunoassay
Cell culture
Gram stain
PCR
Ocular pH
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9
Q

What is Glaucoma

A

This is optic neuropathy with typical field defects associated with ocular HTN (IOP >21mmHg)

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10
Q

What are the different types of Glaucoma

A
  • Acute closed-angle Glaucoma (ACAG)
  • Chronic closed-angle Glaucoma
  • Primary open-angle Glaucoma (POAG)
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11
Q

What are the causes of Glaucoma

A

Trauma
Uveitis
Steroids
Rebeosis iridis - Formation of new blood vessel on the surface of the iris

Congenital: Buphthalmos (enlargement of the eye balls)

3rd most common cause of blindness worldwide

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Glaucoma

A

ACAG

  • Painful red eye
  • Vomiting
  • Impaired vision
  • Haloes seen around lights

POAG

  • Usually ASYMPTOMATIC
  • Peripheral visual field loss

Congenital

  • Buphthalmos
  • Watering
  • Cloudy cornea
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13
Q

What are the signs of Glaucoma

A

ACAG

  • Red eye
  • Hazy cornea
  • Loss of red reflex
  • Fixed and dilated pupil
  • Eye is tender and hard on palpation
  • Cupped optic disc
  • Visual field defect
  • Moderated raised IOP

POAG

  • Optic disc cupped
  • Increase IOP
  • Scotomas
  • Notching of optic nerve cup
  • Loss of nerve fibre layer
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14
Q

How is Glaucoma diagnosed][

A

Goldmann Applanation Tonometry - Standard method of measuring IOP = Normal Is 15mmHg

Pachymetry
US or optical snaking to measure central corneal thickness (CCT) <590mm = Higher risk of glaucoma

Fundoscopy
Detects pathologically cupped optic disc

Gonioscopy - Assess iridocorneal angle

Perimetry (Visual field testing)

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15
Q

What is Uveitis

A

This is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

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16
Q

What are the causes of Uveitis

A

May be caused by infection (HSV)

Manifestation of systemic inflammatory conditions - Reactive arthritis, AS, IBD, Sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease

Symphathetic ophthalmia - Inflammation of the contralateral eye weeks/months after penetrating injury. Recognition of eye antigens in the contralateral eye by T-cells that were activated by the initial presenting injury to the opposite eye

17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Uveitis

A 
Pain due to inflammation
Pain during accommodation 
Photophobia
Red eyes
Blurred vision
Lacrimation

Ciliary flush
Hypopyon - Exudate and inflammatory cells in the inferior angle of the anterior chamber
Small irregular pupil due to adhesions of the iris to the lens

Slit lamp - Keratic precipitates (Leukocytes deposits on the corneal endothelium)
Fundoscopy - Exclude retinal detachment
Signs of complications (Increased IOP, Cataract)

18
Q

How is Uveitis diagnosed

A

Clinical diagnosis

Investigations for associated conditions

All conditions - Year 3 (16 decks)

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