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Year 2 MBChB > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the presentation of episcleritis?

A 
Painless 
Red eye 
Tearing 
Normal visual acuity 
No discharge
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2
Q

What is scleritis?

A

Inflamm through entire thickness of sclera

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3
Q

What is seen on fundoscopy in papilloedema?

A

Venous engorgement: 1st time
Loss of venous pulsation
Blurring of optic disc margin
Loss of cup

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4
Q

What is the management of open angle glaucoma?

A

Latanoprost, laser therapy, trabeculectomy, artificial shunts

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5
Q

What causes an argyll-Robertson pupil?

A

DM, syphilis

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6
Q

What is the presentation of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Bilateral
Itchiness
History of atopy
Seasonal

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7
Q

What are the features of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

Neovascular changes, haemorrhages

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8
Q

What are the features of an argyll-Robertson pupil?

A

Accommodates but doesn’t react

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9
Q

What are the causes of papilloedema?

A

Space occupying lesion
Malignant hypertension
Hydrocephalus
Hypercapnia

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10
Q

What is the presentation of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Purulent discharge

Eyes stick together

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11
Q

What is episcleritis?

A

Inflamm of superficial, episcleral layer of the eye

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12
Q

How is acute angle closure glaucoma managed?

A

Reducing secretions: acetazolamide, pupillary constriction: topical pilocarpine

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13
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflamm of eyelid margins

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14
Q

What is wet macular degeneration?

A

Choroidal neovascularisation –> leakage of serous fluid –> rapid loss of vision

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15
Q

What is the management of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Antihistamines

Topical mast cell stabilisers

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16
Q

What conditions are associated with anterior uveitis?

A

Ank spond
Reactive arthritis
IBD
Behcets

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17
Q

What can posterior blepharitis be due to?

A

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Staph infection

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18
Q

What is the management of nasolacrimal obstruction?

A

Lacrimal duct massage

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19
Q

What is the management of dacrocystitis?

A

Systemic abx

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20
Q

What is dacrocystitis?

A

Infection of the lacrimal sac

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21
Q

What are predisposing factors to acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Hypermetropia, pupillary dilation, age

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22
Q

What is loss of vision due to in diabetic retinopathy?

A

Retinal detachment, retinal oedema, vitreous haemorrhage

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23
Q

What are features of posterior vitreous detachment?

A

Flashers and floaters prior to vision loss

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24
Q

What is the management of cataracts??

A

Lens replacement, phacoemulsification

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25
Q

What are the causes of optic neuritis?

A

MS, DM, syphilis

26
Q

What is a side effect of latanoprost?

A

Brown pigmentation of iris

27
Q

What do beta blockers do (eye wise)?

A

Reduce aqueous production

28
Q

What are the RFs for open angle glaucoma?

A

Age, FH, black people, ocular hypertension, myopia, retinal disease

29
Q

What are the RFs for cataracts?

A

Smoking, diabetes, FH, UV, hypertension, steroids

30
Q

What is the presentation of open angle glaucoma?

A

Initial peripheral vision loss –> complete vision loss

31
Q

What is the presentation of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Watery discharge
Recent URTI
Periauricular LN

32
Q

What is a high IOP?

33
Q

What is the management of keratitis?

A

Ofloxacin
Aciclovir
Oral/topical steroids

34
Q

What is the management of optic neuritis?

A

High dose steroids

35
Q

What are the features of optic neuritis?

A

Unilateral decrease in VA, red desaturation, pain worse on eye movement, RAPD, central scotoma

36
Q

What are the investigations done in open angle glaucoma?

A

Fundoscopy, tonometry

37
Q

What is the presentation of cataracts?

A

Spots in vision, haloes around bright lights, poor vision

38
Q

What is the presentation of keratitis?

A 
Red eye 
Pain 
Erythema 
Gritty 
Photophobia 
Hypopyon
39
Q

What is the presentation of dacrocystitis?

A

Watering eye

Swelling and erythema at inner cants of eye

40
Q

What is the presentation of anterior uveitis?

A 
Pain 
Small pupil 
Blurred vision 
Red eyes 
Photophobia 
Hypopyon
41
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Inflammation of the cornea

42
Q

How does dry macular degeneration present?

A

usually incidental, difficulty reading that worsens. Straight lines appear wavy

43
Q

What can anterior blepharitis be due to?

A

Meibomian gland dysfunction

44
Q

What is dry macular degeneration?

A

Progressive atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaries and photoreceptors

45
Q

What are the features of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Mid dilated pupil, pain, haloes around lights, hazy/dull cornea, systemic upset, decreased VA

46
Q

What are causes of acute vision loss?

A

Open angle glaucoma, cataracts, dry macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy

47
Q

What is the management of blepharitis?

A

Hot compress
Mechanical removal of lid debris
Artificial tears

48
Q

What is seen on fundoscopy in open angle glaucoma?

A

Pale disc, hazy contour of disc

49
Q

What is keratitis associated with?

A

RA
Wegeners
Hypersensitivity

50
Q

What are the features of retinal detachment?

A

Curtain coming down, straight lines appear curved

51
Q

What is the management of episcleritis?

A

Self-resolving

52
Q

What is the management of infective conjunctivitis?

A

Normally self limiting
Chloramphenicol
Fusidic acid in pregnant women
Don’t wear contact lenses

53
Q

What is the presentation of scleritis?

A 
Severe/constant eye pain 
Red eye 
Photophobia 
Normal VA 
Watering
54
Q

What is the pathophysiology of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

Hypertglycaemia –> pericyte death –> thickening of retinal basement membrane –> increased vasc permeability –> retinal oedema –> hard exudates

55
Q

What is acute angle closure glaucoma due to?

A

Impairment of aqueous outflow

56
Q

What is the management of wet macular degeneration?

A

Photocoag, PDT, anti-VEGF

57
Q

What are the features of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

Micro-aneurysms, dot and blot haemorrhages, retinal oedema, hard exudates

58
Q

What does latanoprost do?

A

increases uveoscleral outflow

59
Q

What is the management of anterior uveitis?

A

Atropine, cyclopentolate
Steroid eye drops
Urgent referral

60
Q

What is seen on fundoscopy in dry macular degeneration?

A

Drusen (yellow spots over macula), macular scar may develop

61
Q

What is the management of scleritis?

A

PO NSAIDs

PO pred

62
Q

What is the presentation of blepharitis?

A 
Grittiness 
Sticky eyes 
Red eyelid margins 
May be styes/chalazion 
Secondary conjunctivitis

Year 2 MBChB (8 decks)

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