Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 4 > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 causes of a painless red eye

A

Episcleritis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does episcleritis present?

A
  • Painless red eye
  • Can see individual red vessels
  • May have watering and photophobia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What will happen if you use phenylephrine drops in episcleritis?

A

The injected vessels will blanch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is episcleritis managed?

A

It is usually self limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are hallmark symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Red bloodshot eye with a gritty/ itchy sensation and discharge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When might conjunctivitis impact vision?

A

Only if there is discharge in the eye - it will clear when eye is cleaned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do symptoms differ in bacterial and viral conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial - purulent discharge, worse in the morning
Viral - clear discharge, associated with other viral symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What eye drops are used in bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenicol or fusidic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cause of blepharitis?

A

Blocked meibomian gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of blepharitis?

A
  • Grittiness and discomfort around eye margins
  • Red eyelid margins
  • May have sticky eyelids in the morning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is blepharitis managed?

A

Hot compress and lid hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do chelazions present?

A

Firm painless lump on the eyelid with eyelid oedema and erythema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are chelazions managed?

A

They usually resolve spontaneously but may require surgical drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is another phrase for iritis?

A

Anterior uveitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What range of conditions is anterior uveitis associated with (including the gene)?

A

HLA-B27
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Reactive arthritis
- Crohn’s/ UC
- Sarcoidosis
- JIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the features of anterior uveitis?

A
  • Acute onset
  • Eye pain and discomfort
  • Photophobia
  • Blurred vision
  • Red eye and lacrimation
  • Pupil may be smaller +/- irregular
  • Hypopynon - fluid level on slit lamp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is anterior uveitis managed?

A
  • Urgent ophthal review
  • Cycloplegics (pupil dilators) e.g. atropine
  • Steroid eye drops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 4 risk factors for developing a corneal ulcer?

A
  1. Contact lens use
  2. Eye trauma
  3. Vitamin A deficiency
  4. Use of steroid eye drops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the features of corneal ulcers?

A

Painful eye with watering and photophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you diagnose corneal ulcers?

A

On slit lamp with cobalt light - focal fluorescene staining of ulcered area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are corneal ulcers managed?

A

Eye drops for the causative organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are risk factors for scleritis?

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • SLE
  • Sarcoidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the features of scleritis?

A
  • Red eye
  • Classically painful but may be mild
  • Watering and photophobia
  • Gradual decrease in vision
  • Tenderness on eye palpation
  • Pain on eye movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is scleritis managed?

A
  • Same day ophthal review
  • Oral NSAIDs first line
  • Oral glucocorticoids for more severe cases
  • Immunosuppression if resistant to management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two ways you can distinguish scleritis from episcleritis?

A

SCLERITIS - painful, vessels will not blanch with phenylephrine drops
EPISCLERITIS - painless, vessels will blanch with phenylephrine drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Sight threatening corneal inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 5 causes of keratitis?

A
  • Bacterial (most commonly staph aureus or pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Fungal
  • Amoebic (if exposed to soil or water)
  • Parasitic
  • Viral (herpes simplex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the features of keratitis?

A
  • Red eye
  • Photophobia
  • Foreign body with a gritty sensation
  • May have a hypopynon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is keratitis managed?

A
  • Stop contact lens use until resolves
  • Abx drops
  • Cycloplegics e.g. atropine
30
Q

What is acute glaucoma also known as?

A

Closed angle glaucoma

31
Q

What are the features of acute glaucoma?

A
  • Severe pain - ocular or headache
  • Decreased visual acuity
  • Symptoms worsen when pupil dilates (e.g. when watching TV in a dark room)
  • Haloes around lights
  • Semi-dilated non-reacting pupil
  • Hard, red eye
  • May have systemic symptoms - N+V, abdominal pain
32
Q

How is acute glaucoma diagnosed?

A
  • Tonometry to assess IOP
  • Gonioscopy - a slit lamp lens that allows visualisation of the angle
33
Q

How is acute glaucoma managed?

A
  • EMERGENCY - urgent ophthal referral
  • Aim is to reduce aqueous secretions and induce pupillary constriction

Reduce secretions - topical beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors e.g. PO acetazolomide
Pupil constriction - miotic agents e.g. pilocarpine

Definitive treatment is laser peripheral iridotomy once acute phase is over

34
Q

What is the cause of open angle glaucoma?

A

Gradual increase in IOP putting pressure on the optic nerve head

35
Q

What are some risk factors for open angle glaucoma?

A
  • Increasing age
  • Genetics
  • Afrocaribbean ethnicity
  • Myopia
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Corticosteroid use
36
Q

What are some features of open angle glaucoma?

A
  • Peripheral visual field loss - nasal scotomas leading to tunnel vision
  • Decreased visual acuity
37
Q

In open angle glaucoma, what would you see on fundoscopy?

A
  • Optic disc cupping
  • Optic disc pallor (indicated atrophy)
38
Q

How is open angle glaucoma managed?

A
  • 360o selective laser trabeculoplasty
  • Prostaglandin analogue eye drops
  • Beta blocker eye drops
39
Q

What are 4 causes of gradual vision loss?

A
  1. Refractive error
  2. Cataract
  3. Macular degeneration
  4. Open angle glaucoma
40
Q

What are 7 causes of sudden vision loss?

A
  1. Retinal artery occlusion
  2. Retinal vein occlusion
  3. Optic neuritis
  4. Retinal detachment
  5. Vitreous haemorrhage
  6. Stroke e.g. amaurosis fugax
  7. GCA
41
Q

What are the features of a cataract?

A
  • Gradual reduction in vision
  • Faded colour vision
  • Glare around lights - seem brighter than usual
  • Halos around lights
  • Defect in the red reflex
42
Q

What are the 2 management options for a cataract and when are they chosen?

A
  1. Stronger glasses and brighter lighting - early stages
  2. Cataract surgery - based on QoL and level of impairment
43
Q

Name 4 complications of cataract surgery

A
  1. Posterior capsule opacification
  2. Retinal detachment
  3. Posterior capsule rupture
  4. Endophthalmitis
44
Q

Name 4 risk factors for macular degeneration

A
  1. Advancing age
  2. Smoking
  3. FHx
  4. Any cardiovascular risk factors
45
Q

What are the two types of macular degeneration and how do they differ?

A

Dry (more common) - gradual vision loss

Wet - sudden vision loss

46
Q

What are the features of macular degeneration?

A
  • Subacute vision loss
  • Reduced visual acuity, especially near-vision
  • Difficulties in dark adaptation
  • Level of visual disturbance fluctuated
  • May see flares around objects
47
Q

What are the signs of wet and dry macular degeneration?

A

Both - distortion of line perception on an Amsler grid
Wet - demarcated red patches on fundoscopy
Dry - Drusen patches - yellow areas of pigment in the macular

48
Q

What is the management of wet and dry macular degeneration?

A

Wet - monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections
Dry - high dose of beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc

49
Q

How does retinal artery occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss

50
Q

What are two signs of retinal artery occlusion?

A
  • RAPD
  • Fundoscopy - cherry red spot on a pale retina
51
Q

How is retinal artery occlusion managed?

A

Treat the underlying condition e.g. IV steroids for temporal arteritis

52
Q

How does retinal vein occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss

53
Q

What are the two types of retinal vein occlusion?

A

Central and branch

54
Q

What are the signs of central retinal vein occlusion?

A

Fundoscopy - diffuse severe retinal haemorrhage

55
Q

What are the signs of branch retinal vein occlusion?

A

Fundoscopy - haemorrhage in a demarcated area

56
Q

Name 3 conditions that can cause optic neuritis

A
  1. MS
  2. Diabetes
  3. Syphilis
57
Q

What are the features of optic neuritis?

A
  • Unilateral decrease in visual acuity over days or hours
  • Reduced colour vision (“red desaturation”)
  • Pain worse on eye movement
  • RAPD
  • Central scotoma
58
Q

How is optic neuritis diagnosed?

A

MRI of brain and orbits with gadolinium contrast

59
Q

How is optic neuritis managed?

A

High dose steroids

60
Q

Name 5 risk factors for retinal detachment

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Myopia (short sighted)
  3. Increasing age
  4. Previous cataract surgery
  5. Eye trauma e.g. from boxing
61
Q

How does retinal detachment present?

A
  • New onset floaters or flashing
  • Sudden onset painless progressive vision loss - curtain coming down
  • Reduced peripheral vision first
62
Q

What are two signs of retinal detachment

A
  • Red reflex lost
  • May have RAPD
63
Q

How do you manage retinal detachment?

A

Urgent ophthalmologist referral

64
Q

Which disease is most strongly associated with vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Diabetes

65
Q

Name 3 common causes of vitreous haemorrhage

A
  1. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
  2. Posterior vitreous attachment
  3. Ocular trauma
66
Q

How does vitreous haemorrhage present?

A
  • Painless vision loss/ haze
  • Red hue to vision (from the blood)
  • Floaters of shadows/ hard spots in vision
67
Q

What are some signs of vitreous haemorrhage?

A
  • Decreased visual acuity
  • Cotton wool spots on slit lamp
  • RBCs in the anterior vitreous
68
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Infection of the aqueous and vitreous humour

69
Q

How does endophthalmitis present?

A

Red eye with pain and visual loss commonly following intraocular surgery

70
Q

Name 3 signs of endophthalmitis

A
  1. Hypopynon
  2. Hand movement only acuity
  3. Periphlebitis on fundoscopy

Phase 4 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions