Ophthalmic Products

Question 1

Ophthalmic products

Answer 1

are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye (topical), administered inside (intraocular) or adjacent (periocular) to the eye

Question 2

Ophthalmic drugs types

Answer 2

Anesthetic: used topically in surgical procedures to provide pain relief
Antibiotic: used topically and systemically to combat ophthalmic infections
Antifungal agents: used topically against fungal keratitis.
Anti-inflammatory agents: used to treat inflammation of the eye, as allergic conjunctivitis.
Antiviral agents: used against viral infections, as that caused by herpes simplex virus.
Astringents: used in the treatment of conjunctivitis.

Question 3

Miotics : used to treat

Answer 3

glaucoma

Question 4

__________ lower intraocular pressure by increasing drainage of aqueous humor.

Answer 4

Miotics

Question 5

Mydriatics:

Answer 5

allow examination of the fundus by dilating the pupil.

Question 6

Artificial tears:

Answer 6

are lubricant used to treat the dryness and irritation associated with deficient tear production. They are also used to moisten contact lenses and in eye examinations.

Question 7

Vasoconstrictors

Answer 7

constrict the superficial conjunctival blood vessels and thus reduce congestion and redness.

Question 8

What are routes of admin for the eyeballies?

Answer 8

Topical
Intraocular
Periocular

Question 9

Intraocular injections is used to administer medications for the treatment

Answer 9

of posterior-segment disease.

Question 10

Periocular injections is used for the treatment of anterior segment diseases when

Answer 10

topical administration has failed.

Question 11

Periocular injection is made underneath the conjunctiva and drugs enter the eye by

Answer 11

diffusing through the sclera.

Question 12

Topical route is used to treat diseases that effect the

Answer 12

anterior segment of the eye (e.g. conjunctivitis, glaucoma, and keratitis).

Question 13

Eye products for topical administration?

Answer 13

• eye drops
• eye ointments
• Ophthalmic inserts
• Eye lotions

Question 14

Topical Administration advantages?

Answer 14

• Convenient mode of administration
• Easy enough for self-administration
• Noninvasive
• Fewer systemic drug effects

Question 15

Topical Administration Disadvantages?

Answer 15

• Low ocular bioavailability

- Ineffectiveness in the treatment of posterior segment diseases

Question 16

Factors effecting bioavailability for topical administration of opthlamics.

Answer 16

1. Precorneal factors
2. Corneal
3. Post corneal

Question 17

What are some precorneal factors?

Answer 17

• Precorneal fluid drainage : eye maintains 7 - 10 microliters
• Drug binding to tear proteins

Question 18

retention time of an ophthalmic solution on the eye surface is ____ and the amount of drug is usually ____

Answer 18

short, small.

Question 19

What are some problems or things to be aware when applying topical opthalmic solution

Answer 19

• The solution is flushed from the precorneal area within 1 to 2 min
• The ocular absorption is less than 1% of the administered dose
• The repeated administration of the solution is required

Question 20

The drainage rate in the eye is influenced by

Answer 20

• Viscosity

- Ph

Question 21

The protein content of tears in humans is ~ 0.7% of the total body protein. What may this cause?

Answer 21

The drug binding to the tear proteins may result in a reduction in free drug concentration.

Question 22

Five layers of cornea?

Answer 22

• epithelium
• Bowmans membrane
• stroma
• descements membrane
• endothelium

Question 23

What is a major barrier in the cornea for drugs

Answer 23

The lipophilic corneal epithelium acts as a major barrier for hydrophilic drugs.

Question 24

What does the stroma do

Answer 24

The hydrophilic stroma offers resistance to the passage of lipophilic compounds.

Question 25

Postcorneal factors?

Answer 25

Melanin binding
Some drugs (e.g. ephedrine and timolol) can bind to the melanin and only small fraction is available of the bound drug is slowly release.

Drug metabolism
Various enzymes in the eye can metabolize the active drug, resulting in decreased bioavailability.
The corneal epithelium and the iris ciliary body are the most metabolically active.

Question 26

Eye drop solutions must be

Answer 26

Sterile
Free from foreign particles
Clarity
Nonirritating
Proper preservative
pH
Tonicity
Viscosity
Stability

Question 27

Contaminated ophthalmic formulations may result in eye infections that could ultimately cause blindness, especially if the ______________ is involved.

Answer 27

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 28

What are two ways to sterilize opthalamic solutions

Answer 28

• autoclaving

- filtration

Question 29

Most ophthalmic formulations are packed in multiple dose containers and the _____________ have to be used

Answer 29

suitable preservatives have to be used.

Question 30

The solutions supplied for use during surgery should not contain a __________ because they can irritate the eye.

Answer 30

preservative