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Week 130 - Sudden Visual Disturbance > Ophthalmic Pathology > Flashcards

Ophthalmic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures protect the eye?

A

Bones of orbit
Soft tissues
Tears

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2
Q

Which structures are commonly associated with sudden visual disturbance?

A

Occular media (transparent: cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour)
Retina
Optic nerve

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3
Q

Important historical features in an ophthalmic history?

A

Onset - rate/severity
Vision affected? - blurred, glare, diplopia (double vision), distorted?
Pain/painless?
Unilateral/bilateral?
Associated features - e.g. headache, nausea?

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4
Q

Name the type of injuries to the orbit?

A

Orbit fractures

  • rim fracture
  • blowout fracture - one or more bones surrounding the eye
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5
Q

Name the type of soft tissue injuries in the eye?

A

Lids - lacerations, malpositions

Orbital fat

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6
Q

How do tears protect the eye?

A

Lubrication, lavage-blinking

Antimicrobial factors - lactoferrin, lysozyme, Beta-lysis, IgA, IgG, complement, leucocytes

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7
Q

How does conjunctiva protect the eye?

A

Antimicrobial preotection since it is a lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

What type of pathology can occur with the conjunctiva?

A

Conjunctivitis - inflammation/infection

  • bacterial
  • viral
  • allergic
  • in neonated, exclude possibility of relation to maternal STI
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9
Q

What are the typical presentations of a blow-out fracture?

A

Intra-orbital pressure increase due to trauma (e.g. punch to the eye)
Floor +/- part of medial wall fracture
Muscle and nerves may become entrapped

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10
Q

What is hyphaema?

A

Blood in the anterior compartment of the eye (i.e. in front of the iris)
May show as a reddish tinge or may settle as fluid level

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11
Q

How is a blowout fracture treated?

A

Maxilofacial repair

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12
Q

How is hyphaema managed?

A

Examine all the structures of the eye

Treat by resting eye, steroid drops +/- mydriatic drops

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13
Q

How to treat perforating trauma?

A

Surgical repair
Antibiotics
Steroids
+/- mydriatic drops

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14
Q

Typical presentation of sudden vision loss due to the cornea?

A

Loss of clarity
Acute pressure rise
Corneal infection

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15
Q

Typical presentation of sudden vision loss due to the anterior chamber?

A

Loss of clarity
Trauma => Hyphaema
Acute infection/inflammation => Pus

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16
Q

Typical presentation of sudden vision loss due to the lens?

A

Loss of clarity
Acute cataract (rare, diabetes can cause)
Dislocation - trauma, marfans

17
Q

Typical presentation of sudden vision loss due to the vitreous body?

A

Loss of clarity
Blood:
normal vessels => vitreous detachment, retinal tear
abnormal vessels => proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular AMD

Pus: acute infection, inflammation, source elsewhere (i.e. uveitis)

18
Q

Possible reasons of sudden vision loss due to the retina?

A

Detachment

Macular causes - AMD etc.

Vascular occlusions

  • arterial (sclerotic, embolic, arteritic)
  • venous (thrombosis)
19
Q

Possible reasons of sudden vision loss due to the optic nerve?

A 
Optic neuritis (papillitis, retrobulbar neuritis)
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
20
Q

Possible reasons of sudden vision loss due higher pathways?

A

Stroke

21
Q

Possible reasons for a dim/absent red reflex

A

Cataract, opacity behind lens?

22
Q

What is often a sign with vitreous/retinal detachment?

A

See lashing lights (also with migraine though - bilateral then though)

23
Q

What is the most commest cause of blindness and partial sightedness in the western world?

A

Age-related macular degeneration

24
Q

Most preventable cause of blindness in the world?

A

Cataracts - opacification of the lens

25
Q

What is uveitis?

A

The inflammation of the uveal tract - iris, ciliary body and choroid

26
Q

What is most likely reason for loss of vision in one eye?

A

Lesion of the Ipsilateral Optic Nerve

27
Q

What is most likely reason for Bitemporal Hemianopia?

A

Lesion of the central part of Optic chiasm

28
Q

What is most likely reason for Binasal hemianopia?

A

Lesion of the lateral part of optic chiasm

29
Q

What is most likely reason for Left homonymous hemianopia?

A

Lesion of the Right optic tract / radiation

30
Q

What is most likely reason for Right homonymous hemianopia?

A

Lesion of the Left optic tract / radiation

31
Q

What is most likely reason for Homonymous quadrantopia?

A

Lesion of the Contralateral optic radiation
Upper – temporal region
Lower – parietal region

32
Q

What is most likely reason for Scotoma?

A

Lesion of the Occipital region

Week 130 - Sudden Visual Disturbance (4 decks)

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