Ophthal

Question 1

Causes of sudden loss of vision

Answer 1

Painful –> optic neuritis, GCA (headache)

Painless –>
- Transient = amaurosis fugax, papilloedema

• Prolonged = retinal detachment, CRAO, CRVO, vitreous haemorrhage

Question 2

Flashers + floaters –> sudden loss of vision

Answer 2

Retinal detachment

Question 3

Loss of vision in 1 eye within seconds

FUndoscopy = cherry red spot + pale retina

Answer 3

Central retinal artery occlusion

• causes: GCA, cardiac or carotid emboli

Question 4

Features of optic neuritis

Answer 4

PAINFUL sudden loss of vision

Reduced acuity + colour vision
RAPD

Question 5

Mx of optic neuritis

Answer 5

IV methylpred for 72 hours

Question 6

unilateral red and painful eye + photophobia

Answer 6

anterior uveitis

Question 7

Unilateral red eye - what investigation is useful?

Answer 7

Fluorescein stain –> shows corneal staining

If +ve stain –> keratitis

Question 8

Unilateral red eye
-ve fluorescein stain
normal pupil
BARE pain

-Dx? Cause?

Answer 8

Scleritis

Caused by CTDs: RA, SLE, Wegener’s, vasculitis

Question 9

Differences between epislcleritis and scleritis

Answer 9

Episcleritis:
minimal pain
Vessels CAN move over the sclera
NORMAL acuity

Scleritis:
Blurred vision
Bare pain
vessels don’t move over the sclera

Question 10

Causes of red eye?

Answer 10

chamber: -Ant Uveitis -Acute glaucoma
sclera: - Episcleritis -Scleritis
cornea: - Keratitis -Trauma/FB
conjunctiva: - Conjunctivitis (allergic/viral/bacterial)

Question 11

Allergic vs viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis

Causes?

Answer 11

Viral = serous discharge - Adenovirus
Bacterial = purulent discharge - staph/strep
Allergic = puffy eyes, atopy Hx, seasonal, itchy

Question 12

wedge shaped growth of conjunctiva in eye

Answer 12

Pterygium

Question 13

Causes of keratitis? Sx?

causes in contacts?

Answer 13

Eye pain, gritty, photophobia

Causes: HSV1
Contact lens –> acanthamoebic, pseudomonas
- staph/strep

Question 14

Tx of episcleritis

Answer 14

topical NSAIDs

Question 15

Fx of anterior uveitis? mx?

Answer 15

Red + painful eye
Photophobia

Mx: topical steroids + cyclopentolate

Question 16

Sx of acute glaucoma

Answer 16

HALOS

reduced visual acuity + photophobia

Question 17

Ddx for stye? whats the difference

Answer 17

Chalazion = blocked oil gland (stye = infection)

Question 18

Fundoscopy shows swollen optic disc. next important ix?

Answer 18

BP

Question 19

Ptosis, miosis, anhydrous, painful eye

Answer 19

CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION!!

Question 20

PUPIL = small.

Accommodates but doesn’t react to light. What is it called? causes?

Answer 20

Argyll Robertson

DM
Quaternary syphilis

Question 21

Pupil = dilated, sluggish response to light + accommodation. whats this called?

Fx of associated syndrome?

Answer 21

Holmes adie pupil.

Holmes adie syndrome = tonic pupil + hyporeflexia

Question 22

Stages of HTN retinopathy

Answer 22

1) AV nipping
2) silver wiring + cotton wool spots
3) Retinal haemorrhages
4) Optic disc swelling

Question 23

Stages of DM retinopathy

Answer 23

BG: hard exudates, blot haemorrhages
Pre-prolif: cotton wool spots
Prolif: neovascularistation
Maculopathy: hard exudates near the macula