Operation Safety Flashcards
Definition: Operation safety
Interaction of the driver with displays and controls
Levels of driving task
- Navigation - Route choice (10s - 10h)
- Guidance - Choice of course and speed (1s - 10s)
- Stabilization - Usage of steering wheel and pedal (0s - 1s)
Definition of Gauges and Displays
“Displays are devices that give persons information about processes”
Used when:
- The monitored information is not directly observable (e.g. level of fuel)
- Humans do not have senses for desired information (e.g. voltage)
- The natural information input is interrupted by externak conditions (e.g. fog)
- Accuracy requirements exceed capability of human sensors
Classification of Gauges and Displays
*Information content: what information shall be given?
- Format of Representation: how shall the information be given?
- Eye - optical signal (e.g. display)
- Ear - acoustic signal (e.g. warning alarm)
- Haptic = Surface sensitivity - haptic signal
- Perception of motion = depth sensitivity - kinesthetic signal
- Nose - olfactory signal
- Balance - vestibular signal (e.g. deceleration when braking)
*Place of Representation: where shall the information be given?
Definition of Control Elements
Control elements are all components on the input side of a machine, provided that they are activated by physical contact with the body surface
Control elements…
- are used for Information transfer of the human to the machine
- are the interface between information output of a person and information input of a machine
- hace to be adjusted to the pschophyscial capabilities of humans as well as to the dynamic properties of the machine, to ensure effective and safe interactions
- may also assume the function of an indicator (e.g. position of switch
Classification of Control Elements
- Operation: which extremity is used for operation
- finger (e.g. light switch)
- hand operation (e.g. gear shift lever)
- foot operation (e.g. gas pedal)
- leg operation (e.g. clutch pedal)
- Type of Movement: what kind of operation movement
- rotational (e.g. steering wheel)
- translatoric (e.g. slide controls)
- quasi-translatoric (e.g. shift lever)
- Mode of Operation: does the operation work discrete or continuous
- digital - discrete states such as on and off (e.g. rear window defroster)
- analog - contiuous adjustments (e.g. of the steering wheel to lateral dynamics)
- Dimensionality: how many dimensions does the control element have
- Integration: which functions are integrated to one control element
Optical and Acoustical Displays
- Optical displays:
- Instrument Cluster
- Central Display
- Head-up Display
*Acoustical indicators
- Simple signals - often generated by instrument clusters
(e.g. warning alaram regarding safety belt)
- Spatial coded - acoustic indicators require output via audio
systems (e.g. the echo-sounder style information of park
distance controls)
- Voice output - as navigation information or for the menu
guidance
Control Elements
- Primary Control Elements
Influence on longitudinal and lateral dynamics including stopping (e.g. steering wheel)
- Secondary Control Elements
Activate/deactivate functions which are necessary or mandatory for safe driving (e.g. windshield wipers)
- Tertiary Control Elements
Interact with comfort and entertainment functions which are not necessary but make driving more comfortable (e.g. air conditioning)
Criteria of HMI Design - Installation / Arrangement
• Secured mounting of displays in compliance with relevant regulations
• No obstruction of the driver’s view to the outside
• No masking of displays and controls required for the primary driving task
• Display placement as close as possible to driver’s outward sightline. The viewing beam to the
centre of the display should be tilted downwards by a maximum of 30° from the horizontal for
passenger cars
• Minimise glare and reflection through display design and arrangement
Criteria of HMI Design - Information presentation
- Application of international standards on legibility (e.g. ISO 15008 on font sizes), perceptibility, symbolism, abbreviations
- No acoustic output uncontrollable by the driver
- Quick comprehension of the immediately displayed information with a few, short glances
- Timely and correct display of driving-relevant information
- No presentation of information that could lead to risky behaviour
Criteria of HMI Design - Interaction
- Driver should always be able to keep one hand at the steering wheel
- Speech controlled systems should be offered with hands-free equipment
- Long interactions should be interruptible
- Operating control elements should not influence driving in a bad way
- Interaction should be controlled by the driver; system should not require time critical input
- The driver should be able to continue interrupted interactions at the same or another logical spot
- The driver should be able to turn off the output of the acoustic system
- System response should be timely and easy to recognize
- The driver should be able to turn off visual information not relevant to driving
Criteria of HMI Design - System Behaviour
- Automatic turn-off of visual information which are likely to distract the driver
- The system should not negatively influence indicators and contro elements which are necessary for the primary driving task
- Warning or access restriction of functions which should not be used by the driver while driving
- Information of the driver regarding the status of the system if this is relevant for driving safety
Criteria of HMI Design - Communication
- Offering an instruction of system operation, installation and maintenance
- Instruction should be correct and easy to understand
- Language and way of instruction should be easy to understand for the user
- Clear differentiation between systems relevant while driving and those which are not intended to be used while driving
- All system descriptions correctly show the functionality
- Remark wherher special abilities are necessary or whether this applies to a special user group
- System description should not lead to unrealistic expectations or illegal usage
Which four criteria must be considered in the design and implementation of Human-Machine-Interactions?
- Arrangement of displays and controls
- Information organization and layout
- Interaction logic
- Information prioritization and system behavior
How do static and dynamic driving simulator studies as well as field studies differ from lab methods such as the Method of Occlusion or the Lane Change Task?
Whereas an abstracted form of the driving task is used for the Occlusion Method and the Lane Change Task, driving simulator studies consider the interaction between system interaction and the actual driving task. Using the lab methods, individual dimensions can be specifically probed. With the driving simulator, all dimensions are probed. These are installation, information presentation, interaction logic and assessment of system behavior
