Operating systems

Question 1

Processes

Answer 1

A process is any task the computer is performing; simultaneous processes may request processor time, and the operating system allocates this time.

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

Loading data and instructions into RAM when needed and unloading them when no longer needed; ensuring processes do not use memory they are not permitted to use.

Question 3

Backing store

Answer 3

Allocating physical disk spaces as files are added, edited or deleted; providing a hierarchical, searchable structure that users can interact with.

Question 4

Peripherals

Answer 4

Maintaining a system of drivers facilitating communication between these peripherals and the computer.

Question 5

Spooling

Answer 5

Manages the print queue determining which job is to be printed next, based either on the order in which they entered the queue or their priority level.

Question 6

Batch processing

Answer 6

Batch processing systems perform a series of similar tasks with minimal human involvement, usually over an extended timeframe. calculating and printing payslips is an example of this; each payslip is very similar to the next.

Question 7

Real-time transactions

Answer 7

Real-time transaction systems maintain access to extremely up-to-date information. Data that is collected is immediately processed, stored and available tot access. Airline ticket sales function in this way, to prevent the same seat on a flight being sold twice.

Question 8

Real-time control

Answer 8

Real-time control systems not only collect and process data as quickly as possible, but they act on it too. An autopilot system would monitor .sensors to detect other airborne objects, piloting the plane out of the way if necessary.

Question 9

Antivirus software

Answer 9

Anti-virus software, when kept up to date, checks the computer for malware, notifying the user if any is found and providing means of removal.

Question 10

Compression software

Answer 10

Compression Software allows a file or folder to be reduced in size for storage or transmission.

Question 11

Debuggers

Answer 11

Debuggers identify and help to resolve problems in software.

Question 12

Screensavers

Answer 12

Screensavers start automatically after a pre-set interval to prevent screen burn and save power.

Question 13

System monitors

Answer 13

Allow the user, and various pieces of software, to track memory and processor usage, as well as network connection speed and other metrics.

Question 14

Defragmentation software

Answer 14

Moves file segments physically from one disk location to another, to minimise gaps and to ensure that the files are stored in a single location.

Question 15

GUI

Answer 15

The graphical user interface comprises a WIMP interface – windows, icons, menus and pointers. + Intuitive to use, no need to memorise complex commands, help facilities tend to be on offer, promotes multitasking, as many windows can be open at once. - High requirements in terms of hardware – hard disk, memory and graphics experienced users can be slowed down by an excessively helpful interface.

Question 16

Command line

Answer 16

The user is provided with a cursor. Characters typed in at the keyboard will appear at the cursor, and the mouse will be used very little if at all.
+ Minimal hardware requirements, commands can be entered by experienced users very quickly. - Less experienced users encounter difficulty as they may not know the commands.