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Operating Systems > Operating Systems > Flashcards

Operating Systems Flashcards

This module makes me want to kms :3

1
Q

ALU

A

Arithmetic Logic Unit

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2
Q

IR

A

Instruction Register
Contains instruction of last fetched.

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3
Q

MAR

A

Memory Address Register
Contains memory address for NEXT read/write

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4
Q

MBR

A

Memory Buffer Register
Holds data temporarily during memory read/write operations.

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5
Q

swap file

A

portion of the disk used for virtual memory

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6
Q

Command to see size of swap partition

A

fdisk -l

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7
Q

BUS?

A

Transfers info between components

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8
Q

Name 3 buses

A

DATA BUS, ADDRESS BUS, CONTROL BUS

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9
Q

DATA BUS

A

Transports actual data

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10
Q

ADDRESS BUS

A

carries memory addresses

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11
Q

CONTROL BUS

A

coordinates data flow between devices

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12
Q

Purpose of an interrupt?

A

signals an event that requires immediate attention, interrupting current process.
(It improves processing efficiency)

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13
Q

Interrupt Handler

A

Program determines nature of interrupt + performs whatever actions are needed.

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14
Q

Process

A

Program in execution

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15
Q

PID

A

Process ID: unique id of a process

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16
Q

PPID

A

Parent Process ID: ID of parent process

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17
Q

CMD

A

Command used to start process

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17
Q

Memory Tables

A

Allocation of main and secondary memory to processors.
Protection attributes for access to shared memory regions.
INFO needed to manage virtual memory virtual memory.

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18
Q

I/O Tables

A

if device is available or assigned.
status of each in-progress I/O operation.
Location in main memory being used as the source or destination of each in-progress I/O Transfer.

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19
Q

File Tables

A

Existence of files.
location on secondary memory.
current status.
attributes.

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20
Q

Process Tables

A

Where process is located
attributes necessary for its management.
process ID.
process state.
location in memory.

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21
Q

Daemon

A

runs in background
automatically starts at boot
no direct user interaction

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22
Q

name Two daemons :3

A

cron
sshd

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23
Q

Process scheduling

A

way processed are assigned to processsor

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24
Q

Non Pre-emptive

A

No interrupts process will continue until completes or blocks

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25
Q

Pre-emptive

A

process can be interrupted

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26
Q

time-slicing

A

rapidly switches between task giving each task a short time to run

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27
Q

SPN

A

Shortest Process Next
shortest time get priority
NON PRE-EMPTIVE

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28
Q

SRT

A

Shortest Remaining Time
same as SPN BUT IS PRE-EMPTIVE

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29
Q

TT

A

Turnaround Time
arrival time + waiting time

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30
Q

NTT

A

Normalized Turnaround Time
TT / service time
:3

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31
Q

ROM

A

Read Only Mmemory

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32
Q

EROM

A

Erasable Read Only Memory

33
Q

PROM

A

Programmable Read Only Mmeory

34
Q

passwd file

A

stores essential info about user accounts
username, password, user ID, group ID, default shell, home directory, user info

35
Q

Redirection

A

directs I/O from/to a file instead of console
Used for logging output or saving command results

36
Q

Piping

A

Passes output to one command as input to another
Filters data or combines commands

37
Q

Hard Link

A

Direct reference to same inode,
{use ln to make a hard link}
ln /etc/passwd name

38
Q

Soft Link (symbolic link)

A

Pointer to original file path, like a shortcut
ln -s /etc/passwd name

39
Q

Name a Linus File system

A

EXT4
Extended File system 4

40
Q

Name a windows file system

A

NTFS New Technology File System

41
Q

Info held in file system’s superblock?

A

total partition size
first data addresses
list of free blocks
file system type

42
Q

Long-Term Scheduling

A

Decides which jobs enter the ready queue

43
Q

Medium-Term Scheduling

A

Swaps process between memory and disk

44
Q

Short-term memory

A

determines which process in the ready queue will execute next

45
Q

Memory Management Requirements

A

Relocation: allows program to be moved in memory
Protection:
Sharing:
Logical Organiztion: supports modular programming + data segmentation
Physical Organization: organizes available memory

46
Q

Page

A

Logical block of a process

47
Q

Frame

A

Physical memory block where pages are loaded

48
Q

Offset

A

Position within the page/frame

49
Q

Objectives of an operating system

A

Convenience for users
secure data access
Efficient use of computing resources Evolution ie OS should enable development of new systems

50
Q

Sequential Interrupt

A

next interrupt is handled after the current one completes

51
Q

Nested interrupt

A

higher priority can interrupt lower priority interrupt handling

52
Q

/etc

A

contains config files
{passwd, group, hosts, fstab}

53
Q

/bin

A

contains binaries
{cp, ls grep cat…}

54
Q

/sbin

A

contains binaries for admin
{fdisk, ifconfig}

55
Q

/home

A

user home directory

56
Q

Inode contains?

A

file type, user ID, group ID, permissions, pointers to data blocks, time of last modification

57
Q

Internal Fragmentation

A

Unused space within an allocated memory block

58
Q

External Fragmentation

A

Unused blocks scattered between allocated memory

59
Q

PCB

A

Process Control Block
stores process info needed for context switching

60
Q

items in PCB

A

Process ID, program counter, priority level, process state

61
Q

swap parition

A

dedicated disk partition used for virtual memory

62
Q

Resident set

A

portion of a process currently loaded in physical memory

63
Q

Thrashing

A

Excessive swapping due to insufficient memory

64
Q

Page fault

A

process tries to access a page not in memory

65
Q

modify bit

A

indicates if a page has been changed since loaded

66
Q

Resident bit

A

tracks whether a page is currently in physical memory

67
Q

purpose of shell UWU

A

command line interpreter
two sheels: zsh, bash

68
Q

Dispatcher

A

gives control of CPU to selected process

69
Q

Command that kills all processs

A

sudo kill -9 -1

70
Q

swap space

A

disk space reserved to temporarily store data that doesnt fit in RAM

71
Q

Fetch-Execute Cycle

A
  • PC has address of next instruction
    -Address copied to MAR
    -Contents at address copied to MBR
    -instruction copied into IR
    -PC incremented
    -instruction decoedd+executed
72
Q

Advantages of Contiguous Allocation

A

-allows efficient access to files and storage
- simpler to implement

73
Q

Disadvantages of Contiguous Allocation

A
  • can suffer from external fragmentation
  • can be inflexible when resizing files
74
Q

Advantages of Chained (linked) Allocation

A

-flexible in file size
-minimizes external fragmentation

75
Q

Disadvantages of Chained (linked) Allocation

A

-sequential access overhead
-increased storage overhead

76
Q

Advantages of Indexed Allocation

A

-fast access to files
-supports dynamic growth of files

77
Q

Disadvantages of indexed allocation

A
  • overhead
  • limited file size
78
Q

primary partition

A

One of up to four main partitions on a disk.

79
Q

logical parition

A

Sub-division within an extended partition.

Operating Systems (1 decks)

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