Operating System Basics: 1.1, 1.7, 1.8 Flashcards
cooperative multitasking
a multitasking method that depends on the application itself to be responsible for using the processor and then freeing it for access by other applications. (early version of windows)
preemptive multitasking
a multitasking method in which the OS allots each application a certain amount of processor time and then forcibly takes back control and gives another application or task access to the processor. (used in modern OS’)
multithreading
the ability of a single application to have multiple requests in to the processor at one time; results in faster application performance.
ARM
term used to denote operating systems that can run on Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) processors. They use a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) commonly found on tablet and phone processors.
RAM
Random Access Memory; the amount of memory installed and accessible for an OS. The OS uses RAM to hold its OS code, and the programs you open on the OS.
what’s the RAM limitations for 32-bit operating systems?
4 GB
what operating systems are considered workstation operating systems?
Windows 11, macOS, and Linux
what is a server operating system?
designed to run on servers, which are computers or systems dedicated to managing network resources and providing services to other devices, known as clients.
what is a workstation operating system?
allow end users to access information and applications on server operating systems as well as independently run apps locally. Optimized for foreground processes, such as the GUI.
what is a mobile operating system?
found on mobile devices such as phones and tablets. generally optimized for touch-based devices where one program is used at a time.
what is a cloud-based operating system?
considered stateless operating systems since personal data is not primarily stored on the device but in the cloud. mobile OS’ can be considered cloud-based also
End of Life (EOL) life cycle
systems will stop receiving updates, security patches, or bug fixes
Whats the minimum system requirements for Windows 11?
64-bit
1 GHz with 2 or more cores
4 GB memory
64 GB storage
UEFI & TPM 2.0
Whats the minimum system requirements for Windows 10 on 32-bit architecture?
1 GHz processor
1 GB memory
16 GB storage
Whats the minimum system requirements for Windows 10 on 64-bit architecture?
1 GHz processor
2 GB memory
32 GB storage
Windows Home Edition
designed for domestic consumers and SOHO business use.
cannot be used to join a Windows domain network
what licensing does Windows Home support?
OEM with support upgrading to Win11
retail license that may be transferred between computers on a single device at a time
what are system limitations of Windows Home?
does not support multiple CPUs, but supports multicore and HyperThreading. 64-bit edition is restricted to 128 GB RAM
features of Windows Pro
focuses on business use, can be used in a domain enviornment, BitLocker, Group Policy Editor, RDP, WIP
small and medium-sized businesses
what licensing does Windows Pro support?
OEM, retail, or volume licensing
what’s the difference between Windows Pro and Windows Pro for Workstations?
Windows Pro for Workstations can support up to four-way multiprocessing, can support 6 TB of memory
Windows Enterprise
can do everything Windows Pro can do plus application and user environment virtualization, direct access, credential guard, Windows To Go
only volume licensing
App-V
application virtualization tool that protects the rest of the OS from any kind of malware
user environment virtualization (UE-V)
used to capture, save, and manage Windows 10 OS and application settings on an individual user environment level; allows multiple people to use the same machine but separate all their settings
Direct Access
used to allow connectivity for remote users without the use of a VPN
Credential guard
allows for virtualization-based security and only grants access to privileged systems
Windows To Go
creates an image version of a corporate Windows 10 environment that can be run on a user’s personal computer
BitLocker
enables the user to encrypt all the information on a disk drive
Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc)
is used to create and apply OS and software application settings. These could be configured on each machine individually, but more typically they are applied via policies configured on the DC so that client machines have uniform desktop styles and settings.
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
allows a user to connect to the machine and operate it over a network.
in-place upgrade
the setup program for the new version is launched from within the current OS. The applications, configuration settings, and data files should all be preserved as long as they are compatible with the new version.
NTFS
a file system used by Windows operating systems to organize and manage data on storage devices such as hard drives and SSDs. It offers features like support for large file sizes, file and folder permissions, encryption, and compression. NTFS is known for its reliability, security, and advanced features, making it suitable for both personal and enterprise-level storage needs.
exFAT (Extended File Allocation Table)
a file system developed by Microsoft for removable storage media. It supports large file sizes and capacities, overcoming limitations of FAT32. Known for cross-platform compatibility, it is widely used in devices like flash drives and external storage for its flexibility and interoperability.
FAT32
a variant of FAT that uses a 32-bit allocation table, nominally supporting volumes up to 2 TB. The maximum file size is 4 GB minus 1 byte.
journaling
makes recovery after power outages and crashes faster and more reliable.
snapshots
This allows the Volume Shadow Copy Service to make read-only copies of files at given points in time even if the file is locked by another process. This file version history allows users to revert changes more easily and also supports backup operations.
POSIX Compliance
To support UNIX/Linux compatibility, Microsoft engineered NTFS to support case-sensitive naming, hard links, and other key features required by UNIX/Linux applications.
dynamic disks
disk management feature allows space on multiple physical disks to be combined into volumes.
ext3
a standard Linux file system that added support for journaling.
ext4
delivers better performance than ext3 delivers and would usually represent the best choice for new systems.
what filesystems can linux support?
ext3, ext4, FAT/FAT32, NFS
Apple File System (APFS)
supports journaling, snapshots, permissions/ownership, and encryption
external hardware token
a smart card or USB form factor device that stores some cryptographic user identification data. The user must present the token and supply a password, PIN, or fingerprint scan to authenticate.
what are potential impacts to business when deploying new applications?
commercial software must be used within constraints of its license, support for software might be paid-for or by internal team, and complex apps can have substantial and expensive user-training requirement
what operational impacts should you consider when installing new applications?
use of automation, GPOs, network-based installers, centralized management tools
what potential impacts to the network should be considered when deploying applications?
the bandwidth the app needs to operate and use
Workgroups
decentralized collection of managed computers and users. Each computer will have local account created that can be used for local authentication on the computer.
AppLocker
allows for policies to be created in Group Policy to control the access to applications. can be based on the program’s path, publisher, or hash. only on Win10/11 enterprise ed.
BrancheCache
microsoft client-server technology that allowsfor caching of commonly accessed files at branch office locations. allows for faster access of docs
what are tasks you can accomplish using File explorer?
view files and directories
open programs and data files
create directories and files
copy and move object to other locations
delete or rename objects
change file attributes
