Operating Platforms Flashcards by Jasmine King

What is the primary function of application libraries?

Manage communication between applications, such as serializing object instances for transmission

Application libraries facilitate data transfer and communication protocols.

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Name three examples of application libraries.

Jetty for HTTP communication
Jersey for creating RESTful APIs
Jackson for JSON object creation

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What is Dropwizard?

An open source project that serves as a starter kit for application projects with references to required libraries and starter code

It simplifies the setup process for new applications.

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What do architectural patterns do?

Take a holistic view of systems and group components for illustrative purposes

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Describe the blackboard pattern.

Used for large systems without a definitive solution; it has a memory-residing blackboard with read and write access to knowledge systems

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What is the broker pattern used for?

Architecting distributed systems with a middleman component for coordination and communication between components

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True or False: The broker pattern allows for direct communication between components.

True

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What are the two component types in the client-server pattern?

Client components
Server components

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What is the event-driven pattern used for?

Implementing applications that involve transmitting events in a decentralized system

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Fill in the blank: The _______ pattern is used to extract data from external sources, transform it, and load it into a system-specific repository.

extract-transform-load

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What does the layered pattern do?

Composes a system into layers with defined responsibilities, specific to implementation

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What is the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model?

A seven-layer model widely implemented in modern software architectures

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List the seven layers of the OSI model in top-to-down order.

Application
Presentation
Session
Application
Network
Data Link
Physical

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What is the master-slave pattern used for?

Improving system reliability and performance by dividing work between master and slave components

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What are the functions of the master in the master-slave pattern?

Maintains a list of slaves
Divides the work
Tasks slaves
Accepts completed work from slaves
Compiles results
Provides feedback to clients

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What is the microkernel pattern also referred to as?

The plug-in architectural pattern

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What are the five components involved in the microkernel pattern?

Microkernel
One or more clients
Internal plug-ins
External plug-ins
Adapters

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What does the microservices pattern focus on?

Breaking a system into several smaller services with limited interdependencies

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What are the benefits of the microservices pattern?

Efficient processing
Easily maintainable code

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What does the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern consist of?

Model component
View component
Controller component

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What is the main goal of the naked object pattern?

Create behaviorally complete projects with encapsulated attributes and behaviors

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Describe the peer-to-peer (P2P) pattern.

Consists of nodes with equal functions, acting as both receivers and distributors of data

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What are the advantages of the peer-to-peer pattern?

Requires only two nodes
Additional nodes can join or drop out
Great for sharing resources

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What is the pipe-filter pattern?

Contains filters that take data from multiple sources and pass it through sequential filters for transformation

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What are the benefits of the serverless pattern?

* Cost-effectiveness * High scalability * High flexibility * Faster upgrades and deployments

What is the service-oriented pattern also known as?

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

What are the characteristics of the service-oriented pattern?

* Establishes interoperable services * Services run independently * Handles specific computational tasks

What is the space-based pattern designed to do?

Avoid functional collapse under high load and maximize scaling

What does REST stand for?

REpresentational State Transfer

What is REST?

An architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems

What principles does REST promote?

Simplicity, scalability, and statelessness

What is the first constraint of RESTful architecture?

Uniform Interface

What does the Uniform Interface constraint achieve?

Simplifies the overall system architecture and improves visibility of interactions

List the four constraints that achieve a uniform REST interface.

* Identification of resources * Manipulation of resources through representations * Self-descriptive messages * Hypermedia as the engine of application state

What is the second constraint of RESTful architecture?

Client-Server

What does the Client-Server constraint enforce?

Separation of concerns

What is the benefit of separating user interface concerns from data storage concerns?

Improves portability and scalability

What is the third constraint of RESTful architecture?

Statelessness

What does statelessness mandate?

Each request must contain all information necessary to complete the request

What is the fourth constraint of RESTful architecture?

Cacheable

What does the Cacheable constraint require?

Responses must label themselves as cacheable or non-cacheable

What is the fifth constraint of RESTful architecture?

Layered System

What does the Layered System constraint allow?

Architecture to be composed of hierarchical layers

What is an example of a Layered System?

MVC pattern

What is the sixth constraint of RESTful architecture?

Code on Demand (optional)

What does Code on Demand allow?

Client functionality to extend by downloading and executing code

What is a resource in REST?

A representation of state

What does the state of a resource consist of?

Resource representation, metadata, and hypermedia links

What are resource identifiers used for in REST?

To identify each resource involved in interactions

What is hypermedia in the context of REST?

A media type that defines how a representation is to be processed

What are resource methods used for in REST?

To perform the desired transition between two states of any resource

True or False: REST and HTTP are the same.

False

What is the primary goal of protection in a computer system?

To provide a mechanism for the enforcement of the policies governing resource use ## Footnote Policies can be fixed, formulated by management, or defined by individual users.

What is the principle of least privilege?

Dictates that programs, users, and systems be given just enough privileges to perform their tasks ## Footnote This includes creating audit trails and role-based access controls (RBAC).

What is the Access Matrix?

A mechanism for defining and implementing control between processes and domains.

What is the Confinement Problem?

The problem of guaranteeing that no information initially held in an object can migrate outside of its execution environment ## Footnote This problem is generally unsolvable.

What does privilege refer to in the context of operating systems?

The right to execute a system call or to use an option within that system call (e.g., read, write, execute) ## Footnote Privileges can be assigned to processes and roles.

What are the types of revocation of access rights?

Immediate or delayed, selective or general, partial or total, temporary or permanent.

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a unique bit pattern associated with a capability.

key

How can capabilities be revoked in a dynamic protection system?

Through reacquisition, back-pointers, indirection, and keys.

What is the role of protection mechanisms for application programmers?

To guard resources created and supported by an application subsystem against misuse.

True or False: An unprotected resource can defend against misuse by unauthorized users.

False

What is the purpose of creating audit trails in a protection-oriented system?

To trace all protection and security activities on the system.

What does the term 'access controls' refer to in a file system?

Controls that assign ownership and access-control information to files and directories.

What does role-based access control (RBAC) entail?

Creating separate accounts for each user with just the privileges they need.

What is the consequence of the failure or compromise of a component in an operating system?

It should do the minimum damage and allow the minimum damage to be done.

Fill in the blank: Access-control information is assigned for each _______ and directory.

file

What is the significance of 'fine-grained access controls'?

They enable privileges when needed and disable them when not needed.

What is the impact of implementing privileges in an operating system?

It decreases the security risk associated with superusers and setuid programs.