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Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) Flashcards

1
Q

Reference Model

A

Used to categorize the functions of a network in the OSI model during troubleshooting efforts

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2
Q

7 Layers of the OSI
(Please Do Not Teach Students Pointless Abbreviations)

A

1) Physical,
2) Data links,
3) Network,
4) Transport,
5) Sessions,
6) Presented,
7) Application

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3
Q

Layers responsibility
Do Some People Fear Birthdays

A

Layers
5-7 (Data)
4(Segments)
3(Packets)
2(Fragments/frames)
1(Bits)

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4
Q

Physical Layer

A

Where transmission of bits across the network occurs and includes physical and electrical network characteristics

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5
Q

Transmission Modulation

A

If it changes during the clock cycle, then a 1 is represented. Otherwise, a 0 is represented

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6
Q

Cables

A

Crossover-flips transmission and receives bits on the end of a cable

Straight-through cables- Will receive the same standards on both sides

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7
Q

Asynchronous

A

Uses start and stop bits to indicate when transmissions occur from the sender to the receiver

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8
Q

Synchronous

A

Uses a reference clock to coordinate the transmission by both sender and receiver

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9
Q

Broadband

A

Divides our bandwidth into separate channels
-Ex. Cable TV and many channels

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10
Q

Baseband

A

Uses all available frequencies on a medium (cable) to transmit data
-Uses reference clock
- Ex. A phone call or wired home ethernet

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11
Q

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

A

Each session takes a turn, using time slots, to share the medium between all users

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12
Q

Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing (StatTDM)

A

Dynamically allocates the time slots on an as-needed basis

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13
Q

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

A

Divides the medium into channels based on frequencies and each session is transmitted over a different channel

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14
Q

Multiplexing

A

Involves optimizing a limited amount of resources for more efficient utilizaiton

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15
Q

Layer 1 Devices

A

Wired - Fiber optic cable, ethernet cable, coaxial cable

Wireless – Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Near Field Communication (NFC)

Infrastructure – Hubs, Access Points, Media Converters

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16
Q

Data Link

A

Packages data into frames and transmits those frames on the network

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17
Q

Media Access Control (MAC)

A

Physical addressing system of a device which operates on a logical topology

A unique 48-bit physical addressing system is assigned to every network interface card (NIC) produced

First 6 digits of mac are the Vendor Code Second 6 are a Unique value

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18
Q

Logical Link Control (LLC)

A

Provides connection services and allows acknowledgment of receipt of messages

Most basic form of flow control

Provides basic error control functions such as a checksum

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19
Q

Isochronous

A

Network devices use a common reference clock source and create time slots for transmission

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20
Q

Synchronous

A

Network devices agree on clocking method to indicate beginning and end of frames and can use control characters

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21
Q

Asynchronous

A

Network devices agree on clocking method to indicate beginning and end of frames and can use control characters

22
Q

Layer 2 Devices

A

Network interface cards, Bridges, Switches

23
Q

Layer 3 Network

24
Q

Packet Switching

A

Data is divided into packets and then forwarded

Most networks use this

25
Circuit Switching
A dedicated communication link is established between the two devices
26
Message Switching
Data is divided into messages which may be stored and then forwarded
27
Route Discovery and Selection
Manually configure as a static route or dynamically through a routing protocol
28
Connection Services
Augment Layer 2 connection services to improve reliability
29
Packet Reordering
Ensures that all data reaches the receiver correctly at the ned destination
30
Internet Control Message Protocol
Send error messages and operational information to an IP destination
31
Internet Control Message Protocol
Sends error messages and operational info to an IP destination
32
Layer 3 Devices
Routers, Multilayer switches(similar to a layer 2 switch but also operates as a later 3 router)
33
Layer 3 Protocols
IPV4, IPV6, ICMP(Internet control message protocol)
34
Transport Layer
Dividing line between the upper and lower layer of the OSI model
35
Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)
Connection-oreinted protocol that is a reliable way to transport segments across the network Three-way handshake- between client server sending SYN and receiving ACK creating the handsahke
36
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Connectionless protocol that is an unreliable way to transport segments across the network Uses Datagram instead of segments If data drop sender will be unaware
37
TCP VS UDP
TCP- Rliable, connection-oriented, segment retransmission and flow control through windowing, segment sequencing, acknowledges segments UDP- Unreliable, connectionless, No windowing or retransmission, no sequencing, no acknowledgments
38
Windowing
Allows the clients to adjust the amount of data in each segment Less data is being sent with an increase in retransmission More data is being sent with a decrease in retransmission Windowing sends info, while minimizing retransmission and maxing throughput
39
Buffering
Occurs when devices allocate memory to store segments if bandwidth is not readily available
40
Layer 4 Devices
TCP, UDP, WAN accelerators, Load balancers and firewalls
41
Layer 5 Session
Keeps conversations separate to prevent the intermingling of data
42
Set up Session
Checking of user credentials and assigning numbers to sessions to help identify them
43
Maintain Session
Where data transfers back and forth across the network
44
Tear Down Session
Ending of a session after the transfer is done or when the other party disconnects This can be done mutually or via one side
45
Layer 6 Presentation
Formats the data to be exchanged and secures that data with proper encryption Formatting and encryption are key words
46
Data Formatting
The computer formats data to have compatibility between different devices
47
American Standard code for information interchange (ASCII)
Ensures data is readable by receiving system, provides proper data structures, and negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer (Layer 7)
48
Layer 7 Applicaiton
Provides application-level services where users communicate with the computer File transfer, Network transfer
49
Application Services
Unites communicating components from more than one network application POP3, IMAP, SMTP
50
Service Advertisement
Sending out of announcements to other devices on the network to state the services they offer
51
Examples of layer 7
Email applications like POP3, Web browsing like (HTTP), Domain Name Service (DNS), File Transfer protocol like (FTP), Remote access like (SSH)
52

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