OPD(ADULTS) Flashcards
What is a fracture?
A break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture.
What commonly causes fractures?
Car accidents, falls, sports injuries, low bone density, and osteoporosis.
What are the two types of fractures?
- Complete - out of the skin, separated
- Incomplete - not out of the skin, continuous (periosteum remains)
True or False: A fracture and a break are the same thing.
True
What is Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)?
A surgical procedure that puts broken bone pieces into place using screws, plates, or rods.
What is the purpose of external fixation?
To stabilize a fracture with rods that exit the body, providing an alternative to internal fixation.
What is a cataract?
Clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye.
What are common causes of cataracts?
- Aging
- Inherited genes
- Past eye surgery
- Diabetes
- Long use of steroids
What is glaucoma?
A group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to high eye pressure.
What are the symptoms of acute angle-closure glaucoma?
- Severe headache
- Eye pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Blurred vision
- Halos around lights
- Eye redness
What is acute otitis media?
A middle ear infection that lasts less than 6 weeks and occurs abruptly, causing swelling and redness.
What are the signs and symptoms of otitis media?
- Ear pain
- Tugging at an ear
- Trouble sleeping
- Crying more than usual
- Trouble hearing
- Loss of balance
- Rhinitis
- Hearing loss
- Irritability
- Drainage of fluid from the ear
- Fever
What is appendicitis?
The inflammation of the vermiform appendix, most common in adolescents and young adults.
What is the most common complication of appendicitis?
Perforation of the bowel.
What is a breast mass?
A lump for a palpably discrete area of any size.
What are signs of an unhealthy breast?
- Lumps
- Masses
- Redness
- Swelling
- Nipple retraction
- Discharges
- Dimpling
What is the role of nursing management for internal fixation?
Examine skin, assess splint position, maintain cleanliness, and monitor for circulation.
What are risk factors for developing glaucoma?
- High internal eye pressure
- Being over age 60
- Family history of glaucoma
- Certain medical conditions (e.g., diabetes)
- Thin corneas
- Previous eye injury or surgery
- Long-term corticosteroid use
What is chronic otitis media?
A long-standing infection characterized by recurrent ear drainage and some degree of conductive hearing loss.
What is the management for mastoiditis?
Antibiotic therapy.
Fill in the blank: The procedure to surgically remove the appendix is called _______.
Appendectomy
What are the two classifications of breast masses?
- Benign
- Malignant
What is the primary goal of nursing management in fractures?
To stop bleeding, immobilize the area, and treat for shock.
What does the term ‘comminuted fracture’ refer to?
A fracture where the bone is broken into several pieces.
What is breast engorgement?
Occurs during lactation when the breast is full and milk cannot be released
The first milk released, colostrum, is yellowish & rich in antibodies that can protect the babies from disease.
What are the common classifications of breast masses?
- Benign
- Malignant
Benign masses include fibrocystic changes, fibroadenomas, and papillomas, while malignant masses can be early, advanced, or disseminated.
Define fibrocystic breast changes.
Most common benign breast condition characterized by fibrous breast tissue that is firm, rubbery, and hard to touch.
What is the recommended dietary approach for fibrocystic breast changes?
Avoid caffeine & other stimulants, eat veggies, fruits, & organic foods.
What is a fibroadenoma?
A movable, solid lump that is painless and unilateral, not fluid-filled, and shrinks after menopause.
What are the characteristics of malignant breast masses?
- Early: confined to breast only
- Advanced: spread to lymph nodes
- Disseminated: metastasized to other parts of the body.
List some risk factors for breast cancer.
- Age (50 y/o and above)
- Gender (female)
- Genetics
- Obesity
- History of DES
- Alcohol Intake
- Previous Radiation Therapy.
What is mastitis?
An infection caused by bacteria entering the nipple crack, leading to swelling.
What are the typical imaging studies used for breast cancer diagnosis?
- Diagnostic Mammogram
- Breast Ultrasound
- Breast MRI.
Breast MRI involves injecting a contrast substance to enhance image clarity.
What is a lumpectomy?
Surgery to remove cancer and other abnormal tissues from the breast, along with some healthy tissue.
Differentiate between simple mastectomy and radical mastectomy.
- Simple: removes breast tissues (nipple, areola, skin) but not lymph nodes.
- Radical: removes breasts & underlying muscles (pectoralis).
What is the purpose of blood transfusion?
To replace blood cells or blood products lost through bleeding or due to depression of bone marrow.
What are the types of blood components that can be transfused?
- Whole Blood
- Plasma
- Platelet.
What is the procedure for urinary catheter insertion?
Introduction of a catheter into the bladder through the urethra, requiring aseptic technique.
What should be assessed before removing sutures?
The wound must be assessed for healing and any signs of separation.
What are the two types of sutures?
- Absorbent (dissolvable)
- Non-absorbent (must be removed).
What is the significance of backflow of urine during catheter insertion?
Indicates that the catheter has reached the bladder.
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a small incision or puncture wound made in a vasectomy.
incision.
True or False: Alcohol intake is a risk factor for breast cancer.
True.
What is the recommended timing for breast self-examination?
1 week after the start of menstruation.
What are the steps to perform breast self-examination?
- Visual examination for nipple retractions, bulges, dimpling.
- Palpation for masses, dimples, or irregularities.
What is the purpose of performing a core needle biopsy?
To remove a sample tissue from the breast to check for cancer.
What is the common complication associated with vasectomy?
Hematoma, chronic pain, and development of antibodies against sperm.
What is the main purpose of bilateral tubal ligation?
To occlude the fallopian tubes and prevent the passage of sperm and ova.
What type of anesthesia is usually used for laparoscopic tubal ligation?
General or local anesthesia.
What should be done if a patient shows signs of a reaction during a blood transfusion?
Discontinue immediately and refer to a physician.
What is the minimum weight requirement for blood donation?
50 kg and above.
The procedure may be associated with the development
of (kidney stones) or?
Urolithiasis
is a new system, consists of a spring-loaded mechanism that seals the fallopian tube
Essure
Small wart-like lumps
that grow in the lining of
the mammary ducts near
the nipple
Benign papilloma
Movable when
palpated, Solid lumps of
fibrous and
glandular tissue
Fibroadenoma
Most common
*Fibrous breast tissue,
mammary glands, and
ducts overreact to the
normal hormones
produced during
ovulation.
Fibrocystic
this drug is a synthetic form of the female hormone estrogen, and one of the contributors of breast cancer.
diethylstilbestrol
a fecal
calculus or stone that
occludes the lumen of the
appendix.
fecalith
is an
instrument used to look into
the ear canal.
otoscope
a cone-shaped viewing piece of the otoscope
speculum
Is an inflammatory condition of the
middle ear that results from dysfunction
of the Eustachian tube in association
with some illnesses including URIs (cold,
sore throat).
otitis media
surgical incision into
the eardrum, to relieve pressure or
drain fluid.
myringotomy
