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ScribeU > OP 2: Chronic Diseases > Flashcards

OP 2: Chronic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Comorbidity

A

The simultaneous presence of 2 chronic diseases/conditions in a patient
- Increases complexity & health risk for developing other conditions

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2
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

Increase in blood pressure causes excess force against arterial walls, damaging arteries over time

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3
Q

Risk Factors for HTN

A
  • Family History
  • Obesity
  • High Sodium Diet
  • Smoking
  • ETOH
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4
Q

Symptoms for HTN

A

Asymptomatic, headache most common

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5
Q

Diagnosis for HTN

A

Blood pressure reading

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6
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Measures pressure in arteries when heart contracts (beats)

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7
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Measures pressure in arteries when relaxed (between heart beats)

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8
Q

Hypotensive

A

Sys: < 90
Dia: < 60

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9
Q

Normal

A

Sys: 90-120
Dia: 60-80

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10
Q

Hypertensive

A

Sys: > 120
Dia: > 90

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11
Q

HTN leads to:

A
  • Impaired vision
  • Renal failure
  • Hemorrhagic CVA
  • CAD/MI
  • CHF
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12
Q

Pharmacological Management of HTN

A
  1. ACE Inhibitors
  2. Ca Channel Blockers
  3. Diuretics
  4. ARBs
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13
Q

Non-Pharmacological Management of HTN

A
  • Low sodium diet
  • Exercise
  • Smoking & ETOH
  • BP log at home
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14
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A
  1. Lisinopril
  2. Lotensin
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15
Q

Ca Channel Blockers

A
  1. Norvasc
  2. Cardizem
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16
Q

Diuretics

A
  1. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
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17
Q

ARBs

A
  1. Cozaar
  2. Benicar
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18
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Insulin Insufficiency
- Always treated with insulin

19
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Insulin Resistance
- Treated with diet changes, non-insulin meds, or insulin

20
Q

Risk Factors for Type II DM

A
  • FHx of DM
  • Obesity
  • High carb diet
  • Lack of exercise
21
Q

Symptoms for Type II DM

A
  • Unusual weight loss or gain
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Blurred vision
  • N/V
22
Q

Diagnosis for Type II DM

A
  • Fasting
  • Blood glucose/hemoglobin A1c
23
Q

DM leads to:

A
  • Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Renal Failure
  • Cardiac Disease (CAD, CHF, diabetic cardiomyopathy)
  • PVD (Peripheral Vascular disease)
  • Neuropathy
23
Q

Non-Pharmocological Management of DM

A
  • Low carb diet
  • Exercise
  • Weight loss
  • Blood Glucose log
24
Q

Pharmacological Management of DM

A

Injected:
- Humalog
- Lantos
- Sliding scale

Oral:
- Metformin
- Glyburide

24
Q

Risk Factors for HLD

A
  • FHx of HLD
  • Obesity
  • High lipid diet
  • ETOH
  • Physical inactivity
25
Q

Symptoms for HLD

A

Asymptomatic

25
Q

Hyperlipidemia (HLD)

A

An elevated level of lipid in the blood causes plaque build-up along arterial walls

25
Q

Diagnosis of HLD

A
  • Bloodwork (lipid panels)
  • Measuring cholesterol and triglyceride levels (elevated LDL)
26
Q

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A

“Bad” cholesterol
- Transports cholesterol to arterial walls and aides the formation of plaques

26
Q

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

“Good cholesterol”
- Removes cholesterol from artery plaques & recycles it back to the liver

27
Q

HDL leads to:

A
  • Arterial atherosclerosis
  • Pancreatitis
  • CVA (ischemic)
  • CAD/MI
  • Carotid stenosis
28
Q

Non-Pharmacological Management of HLD

A
  • Low lipid diet
  • Weight loss/exercise
  • Decrease ETOH
  • Close Follow-up (frequent lipid paneling)
29
Q

Pharmacological Management of HLD

A

-statin medications
- Ex: Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin

30
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

Narrowing of the coronary arteries limits blood supply to the heart muscle causing ischemia

31
Q

Risk factors for CAD

A
  • HTN
  • HLD
  • DM
  • Smoking
  • FHx <55
32
Q

Symptoms for CAD

A
  • Chest pain or pressure
  • Worse with exertion
  • Improved with rest or nitroglycerin (NTG)
33
Q

Diagnosis for CAD

A

Cardiac catheterization by cardiologist

34
Q

Biggest risk factor for an MI

A

CAD -> Acute Coronary Syndrome -> MI

35
Q

Non-pharmacological Management of CAD

A
  • Managing Risk Fisk Factors (HTN, HLD, and DM)
  • Exercise & Weight Loss
  • Smoking cessation
  • Manage stress
36
Q

Pharmacological Management of CAD

A
  1. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
    - Aspirin
  2. Nitroglycerin (NTG)
    - Vasodilator
37
Q

Surgical Management of CAD

A

In order from least to greatest invasiveness:
1. Cardiac Catheterization
2. Angioplasty
3. Coronary Stent
4. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

38
Q

Patient Problem List

A
  1. Includes all active & resolved conditions
    - Chronic illnesses
    - Surgeries/procedures
    - Injuries suffered by the patient
    - Any symptom or disease that has affected the patient
  2. Each problem includes:
    - Problem/Diagnosis (mandatory)
    - Status (mandatory)
    - Note (optional)
    - Onset date (optional)
    - Resolved date (optional)

Chronic = active
Past surgery = resolved

39
Q

Ranking Problem List

A
  1. Active high
  2. Active low
  3. Resolved high
  4. Resolved low

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