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OP 2: Chronic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Comorbidity

A

The simultaneous presence of 2 chronic diseases/conditions in a patient
- Increases complexity & health risk for developing other conditions

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2
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

Increase in blood pressure causes excess force against arterial walls, damaging arteries over time

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3
Q

Risk Factors for HTN

A
  • Family History
  • Obesity
  • High Sodium Diet
  • Smoking
  • ETOH
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4
Q

Symptoms for HTN

A

Asymptomatic, headache most common

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5
Q

Diagnosis for HTN

A

Blood pressure reading

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6
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Measures pressure in arteries when heart contracts (beats)

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7
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Measures pressure in arteries when relaxed (between heart beats)

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8
Q

Hypotensive

A

Sys: < 90
Dia: < 60

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9
Q

Normal

A

Sys: 90-120
Dia: 60-80

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10
Q

Hypertensive

A

Sys: > 120
Dia: > 90

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11
Q

HTN leads to:

A
  • Impaired vision
  • Renal failure
  • Hemorrhagic CVA
  • CAD/MI
  • CHF
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12
Q

Pharmacological Management of HTN

A
  1. ACE Inhibitors
  2. Ca Channel Blockers
  3. Diuretics
  4. ARBs
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13
Q

Non-Pharmacological Management of HTN

A
  • Low sodium diet
  • Exercise
  • Smoking & ETOH
  • BP log at home
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14
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A
  1. Lisinopril
  2. Lotensin
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15
Q

Ca Channel Blockers

A
  1. Norvasc
  2. Cardizem
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16
Q

Diuretics

A
  1. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
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17
Q

ARBs

A
  1. Cozaar
  2. Benicar
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18
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Insulin Insufficiency
- Always treated with insulin

19
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Insulin Resistance
- Treated with diet changes, non-insulin meds, or insulin

20
Q

Risk Factors for Type II DM

A
  • FHx of DM
  • Obesity
  • High carb diet
  • Lack of exercise
21
Q

Symptoms for Type II DM

A
  • Unusual weight loss or gain
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Blurred vision
  • N/V
22
Q

Diagnosis for Type II DM

A
  • Fasting
  • Blood glucose/hemoglobin A1c
23
Q

DM leads to:

A
  • Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Renal Failure
  • Cardiac Disease (CAD, CHF, diabetic cardiomyopathy)
  • PVD (Peripheral Vascular disease)
  • Neuropathy
23
Q

Non-Pharmocological Management of DM

A
  • Low carb diet
  • Exercise
  • Weight loss
  • Blood Glucose log
24
Pharmacological Management of DM
Injected: - Humalog - Lantos - Sliding scale Oral: - Metformin - Glyburide
24
Risk Factors for HLD
- FHx of HLD - Obesity - High lipid diet - ETOH - Physical inactivity
25
Symptoms for HLD
Asymptomatic
25
Hyperlipidemia (HLD)
An elevated level of lipid in the blood causes plaque build-up along arterial walls
25
Diagnosis of HLD
- Bloodwork (lipid panels) - Measuring cholesterol and triglyceride levels (elevated LDL)
26
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
"Bad" cholesterol - Transports cholesterol to arterial walls and aides the formation of plaques
26
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
"Good cholesterol" - Removes cholesterol from artery plaques & recycles it back to the liver
27
HDL leads to:
- Arterial atherosclerosis - Pancreatitis - CVA (ischemic) - CAD/MI - Carotid stenosis
28
Non-Pharmacological Management of HLD
- Low lipid diet - Weight loss/exercise - Decrease ETOH - Close Follow-up (frequent lipid paneling)
29
Pharmacological Management of HLD
-statin medications - Ex: Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin
30
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Narrowing of the coronary arteries limits blood supply to the heart muscle causing ischemia
31
Risk factors for CAD
- HTN - HLD - DM - Smoking - FHx <55
32
Symptoms for CAD
- Chest pain or pressure - Worse with exertion - Improved with rest or nitroglycerin (NTG)
33
Diagnosis for CAD
Cardiac catheterization by cardiologist
34
Biggest risk factor for an MI
CAD -> Acute Coronary Syndrome -> MI
35
Non-pharmacological Management of CAD
- Managing Risk Fisk Factors (HTN, HLD, and DM) - Exercise & Weight Loss - Smoking cessation - Manage stress
36
Pharmacological Management of CAD
1. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) - Aspirin 2. Nitroglycerin (NTG) - Vasodilator
37
Surgical Management of CAD
In order from least to greatest invasiveness: 1. Cardiac Catheterization 2. Angioplasty 3. Coronary Stent 4. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
38
Patient Problem List
1. Includes all active & resolved conditions - Chronic illnesses - Surgeries/procedures - Injuries suffered by the patient - Any symptom or disease that has affected the patient 2. Each problem includes: - Problem/Diagnosis (mandatory) - Status (mandatory) - Note (optional) - Onset date (optional) - Resolved date (optional) Chronic = active Past surgery = resolved
39
Ranking Problem List
1. Active high 2. Active low 3. Resolved high 4. Resolved low

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