OP 2: Chronic Diseases

Question 1

What is considered a chronic illness?

Answer 1

When it lasts longer than 3 months

Question 2

Define comorbities

Answer 2

The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

Question 3

What is an example of comorbidity?

Answer 3

A patient has both hypertension and hyperlipidemia

Question 4

Having comorbidity will increase what?

Answer 4

A patient’s complexity and health risk

Question 5

What does comorbidity equal to?

Answer 5

Complex

Question 6

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, the treatment of one disease may what?

Answer 6

Affect or contradict the treatment of the second

Question 7

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, by having what type of drug interactions?

Answer 7

Adverse

Question 8

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, by having compound symptoms that may lead to what?

Answer 8

To poor compliance with treatment plan

Question 9

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, if both illnesses affect a specific organ system, what will happen to the patient?

Answer 9

An increased risk of organ failure

Question 10

What are the risk factors of HTN?

Answer 10

FHx of HTN, obesity, high sodium diet, smoking, ETOH

Question 11

What are the symptoms of HTN?

Answer 11

Often asymptomatic & a headache is the most common symptom

Question 12

What is the diagnosis of HTN?

Answer 12

Through blood pressure reading. Typically, it takes several high readings to confirm.

Question 13

What is the etiology of HTN?

Answer 13

An increase in blood pressure causes excess force against the arterial walls, damaging arteries over time

Question 14

What does Systolic Blood Pressure measure?

Answer 14

The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (beats)

Question 15

What does Systolic Blood Pressure measure?

Answer 15

The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (beats)

Question 16

What does diastolic blood pressure measure?

Answer 16

The pressure in the arteries when relaxed (between heart beats)

Question 17

What is the SYS for hypotensive?

Answer 17

Less than 90

Question 18

What is the DIA for hypotensive?

Answer 18

Less than 60

Question 19

What is SYS for normal?

Answer 19

90 to 120

Question 20

What is DIA for normal?

Answer 20

60 to 80

Question 21

What is SYS for prehypertensive?

Answer 21

121 to 140

Question 22

What is DIA for prehypertensive?

Answer 22

81 to 90

Question 23

What is SYS for hypertensive?

Answer 23

Greater than 140

Question 24

What is DIA for hypertensive?

Answer 24

Greater than 90

Question 25

How does HTN effect the eyes?

Answer 25

Impair the vision by increasing pressure through the delicate vessels of the eyes causes them to thicken/rupture causing vision loss

Question 26

How does HTN effect the kidneys?

Answer 26

Renal Failure by increasing blood pressure through the kidneys causing weakening leading to renal failure

Question 27

How does HTN effect the brain?

Answer 27

By CVA. Consistently increased pressure through the vessels of the brain causes weakening of arteries leading to potential rupture and hemorrhagic CVA.

Question 28

How does HTN effect the heart?

Answer 28

CAD/MI. Untreated HTN causes arteriosclerosis (thickening of arteries) which increases the risk of CAD or acute MI

Question 29

How does HTN effect the heart?

Answer 29

CHF. The heart experiences increased effort and decreased efficiency, pumping excess fluid through the body.

Question 30

What is the key concept of HTN of the blood vessels?

Answer 30

It damages it

Question 31

What are the ways of non-pharmacological management of HTN?

Answer 31

Low sodium diet, exercise, smoking & ETOH Cessation, BP log at home

Question 32

How is a low sodium diet a non-pharmacological management of HTN?

Answer 32

Sodium increases blood pressure because it causes kidneys to hold excess fluid in the body, thereby increasing one's overall volume. Decreasing sodium intake lowers blood pressure

Question 33

How is exercise non-pharmacological management of HTN?

Answer 33

Consistent exercise (30 minutes, more than 3 times per week)

Question 34

How is smoking & ETOH Cessation a non-pharmacological management of HTN?

Answer 34

Nicotine and alcohol are vasoconstrictors (shrinks blood vessels)

Question 35

How is logging BP at home non-pharmacological management of HTN?

Answer 35

Measure BP at home throughout the day and record the effects of lifestyle changes

Question 36

What is an example of an ACE Inhibitor?

Answer 36

Lisinopril (zestril) & Lotensin (benazepril)

Question 37

What is an ACE Inhibitor?

Answer 37

They relax arteries and block reabsorption of water by kidneys

Question 38

What is a Ca Channel Blockers?

Answer 38

Dilate the arteries and reduce the force of the heart's contractions

Question 39

What are examples of Ca Channel Blockers?

Answer 39

Norvasc (amlodipine) & Cardizem (diltiazem)

Question 40

What is a Diuretic?

Answer 40

Reduce the volume of fluid in the blood vessels by urinating excess fluid

Question 41

What is an example of a diuretic?

Answer 41

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Question 42

What is an ARBs?

Answer 42

They dilate the arteries

Question 43

What are examples of ARBs?

Answer 43

Cozaar (losartan) & Benicar (olmesartan)

Question 44

What type of DM is insulin insufficient?

Answer 44

Type 1

Question 45

What type of DM is insulin resistance?

Answer 45

Type 2

Question 46

What type of DM will have the pancreas unable to produce insulin which moves glucose from the blood into cells?

Answer 46

Type 1

Question 47

What type of DM effects only 5% of today's DM patients

Answer 47

Type 1

Question 48

What type of DM is always treated with insulin?

Answer 48

Type 1

Question 49

What type of DM is typically diagnosed early in life. Strong FHx component?

Answer 49

Type 1

Question 50

What type of DM is consistently high blood glucose levels cause cells to become resistance to insulin

Answer 50

Type 2

Question 51

What type of DM can be treated with diet changes, non-insulin meds, or insulin?

Answer 51

Type 2

Question 52

What type of DM has a FHx component, but also SHx factors including diet and exercise

Answer 52

Type 2

Question 53

What type of DM can be insulin dependent?

Answer 53

Both type 1 and type 2

Question 54

What is the etiology of Type 2 DM?

Answer 54

The inadequacy of insulin in controlling the blood glucose level (insulin resistance)

Question 55

What are the risk factors of type 2 DM?

Answer 55

FHx of DM, obesity, high carb diet, lack of exercise

Question 56

What are the symptoms of Type 2 DM?

Answer 56

Unusual weight loss or gain & Polyuria, Polydipsia, blurred vision, N/V

Question 57

What does Polyuria mean?

Answer 57

Increased urination

Question 58

What does Polydipsia mean?

Answer 58

Increased thirst

Question 59

What is the diagnosis of Type 2 DM?

Answer 59

Fasting blood glucose/ hemoglobin A1c

Question 60

How does DM effect the eyes?

Answer 60

Diabetic Retinopathy. It damages to the small vessels of the eyes can cause them to hemorrhage, leading to blurred vision, nearsightedness, or loss of vision.

Question 61

How does DM effect the kidney's?

Answer 61

Renal Failure. Chronically elevated blood glucose destroys the glomeruli of the kidney's, leading to renal failure.