Oow Flashcards
What is Maritime labour convention
One of the 4 pillars of the IMO which sets out the minimums standards for seafarers on ships. 5 sections
MSN 1848
Ships over 500gt
1 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SEAFARERS TO WORK ON SHIPS
2 conditions of employment
3 accommodation catering
4 health
5 compliance and enforcement
What are the duties of the oow at sea
To ensure the passengers crew and vessel are kept safe by complying with the ships sms, the masters standing orders and the colregs and being safety and security conscious.
Rule 5 - gmdss watch
Comply with marpol
Security awareness
Monitor the performance of navigation equipment
Promote safety/ effectively communicate with captain and crew.
Actions for a pilot on board
P A C E
Probe - what are your intentions
Agree - I agree your Intentions are safe
Challenge - you appear to be departing from the plan
Emergency - call captain- stop- your actions are putting the vessel into danger
Remove pilot request another
What are the Duties of the oow in port
To act as the masters representative and maintain security and safety onboard and ensure the vessel is complying with the regulations in place.
Marpol compliance
ISPS compliance
Ships sms
Lines fenders boarding arrangements
Weather and port traffic- vhf . Recording in ships log. Deck lighting.
Regular rounds looking for fire hazards. Unusual sounds or smells. Escape hatches and doorways clear of obstructions. Regular security patrols. Vessel is locked down. Crew activity monitored. CCTV being observed.
Marpol being complied with- garbage- no signs of pollution.
Helm orders - closed loop
Steady- reduce swing as rapidly as possible
Meet her - check swing of vessel
Nothing to port/star- avoid heading to go to -
Contents of rescue boat
Compass Oars Torch Searchlight Tpa Sea anchor Bailer Boat hook Jason’s cradle Buoyant line with ring
Flares burn time
Parachute - no less 40 sec 30 mile range
Handheld 1 min 3 mile range
Smoke 3 minutes
How does an hru work
Works on pressure- as the pressure increases the unit compresses drawing the securing pin up clear of the spring loaded blade which cuts the line.
In the middle of an arrangement. Leaves the weak point attached to pull on the painter and released the life raft from the senhouse slip
What markings will you find on a life raft
Serial number Date of manufacture Capacity Makers name Last serviced Approving authority
What are chart datums
Lat usually chart datum
_ drying heights above chart datum
Air draft HAT
All other heights above MHWS
How would you set up the ecdis
As per the ships sms
Input manual fix to verify position
Check system time
Setup replicated on both units
Safety contour and depth correct
Audible alarm is working
System units are correct
Chart orientation / screen layout
Correct route is loaded
What is s52
S52 is approved standard for chart display information. - worldwide uniformity- symbols language
What is a safety depth and safety contour
Safety contour is a clear no go areas set to a contour- has an audible alarm
Take into account squat , HOT, ukc required . Draught , manoeuvrability and catzoc
Safety depth - highlights all depths less than safety depth. Gives an indication. Usually more or same as safety contour
What are the ecdis alarms
GPS discrepancies Ecdis malfunction / heading speed Critical point Xte Restricted area Safety contour Different datum Switching to raster
Magnetic compass checks
Freedom of movement of the gimbal So compass stays flat Card floating freely No liquid leaks Liquid free of bubbles and clear No tools or magnetic equipment in the area
Some autopilot settings from rudder command signal
Can set rudder limit
Counter rudder
Rudder reaction - amount of rudder for heading correction
Weather control to account for yaw
Hsa
Would use to find compass error or a fix
Use a station pointer and compare with compass bearings
No station pointer take bearing and draw lines on the chart after you’ve done the maths. Use protractor to draw your triangles and then pair of compasses to draw circles. Where they meet is your position
Who are the Mca
U.K. department for transport
Produce legislation and guidance to maritime industry And set standards And Issue certification
Responsible for safety and standard on U.K. ships and U.K. waters
Who are the IHO
Inter government organisation support safety of navigation and protect environment. Surveying charts and scientific development
What it sms
What should it do
What should it involve
Safety management system in line with ism
Identify clear levels of authority and communication between the management company captain and crew and have ship specific procedures in place to deal with all shipboard situations and operations that comply with the companies policies and legislation.
Training and drill requirements
Familiarisations
Planned maintenance systems
Manning scales
Emergency procedures
Company contacts and dpa
What is included in an sms
Training and drill requirements
Familiarisations
Planned maintenance systems
Manning scales
Emergency procedures
Company contacts and dpa
What is ly3
Msn 1851
Implanting international standard to yachting
Now red ensign group
What are the chapters of mlc
1- minimum requirements for seafarers to work on ships
2-conditions of employment
3-accommodation catering and recreational facilities
4- health
5-compliance and enforcement
What is in an sea
Mgn 477
A seamen’s employment agreement signed by the employer and the seafarer which state the terms of employment and the rights of the seafarer.
Annual leave
Notice of termination and notice period
Record of employment on the ship
Capacity in which the seafarer is to work
Hours of rest
Wages
Repatriation
Health care
Signed by company
What is a safety officers job
Implement safety procedures
Initiate safety measures before an accident happens
Develop and sustain a high level of safety culture on board and set a good example
Carry out safety inspections
stop dangerous work
What should a familiarisation involve
Communicate with others on board on safety matters and understand signs and alarms
Know what to do if
Man overboard
Fire or smoke
Alarm sounded
Muster stations and escape routes
Locate and don lifejacket
Raise the alarm and have basic knowledge of portable fire extinguishers
Close and open watertight doors
What is an all seasons load line
A load line that remains the same all year round and In all oceans and just takes into account the rise as the vessel moves from freshwater to saltwater.
What is freshwater allowance
It’s the the line to which the vessel can sit on in fresh water to allow for the rise as the vessel moves to freshwater
What is ahead of a depression.
Approaching warm front
High cirrus cloud ahead of system from warm air that has been pushed up and cooled. As it approached cloud base lowers forming cirrostratus and nimbostratus bringing rain poor visibility pressure falls wind strength increases and begins to veer
Behind the warm front in the warm sector
Pressure steady. Temperature rises . Stratocumulus cloud. Rain eases. Possibility of fog. Wind force steady . Poor vis.
Approaching cold front or at cold front
Cumulonimbus cloud. Pressure rises and wind force increases and veers. Temperature falls with heavy rain and squalls. Poor visibility
Behind the cold front
Wind force decreasing. Cumulus cloud with possible showers. Visibility clearing and pressure rising
How do you predict fog at sea
Take regular readings of masons hygrometer. Use the table to find the dew point temperature from the temperature and wet bulb depression.
Plot the dew pint temp against the sea Water temperature
Sea smoke. Fog
Cold air over a warm moist air low down that has been warmed and saturated by the sea.
How would you setup the radar
BGTC
So I have the clearest picture available and the most suitable range.
Check mast clear and turn on and warm up
Everything to zero
Adjust brilliance for a clear image
Turn up gain until you get a speckle and then reduce slightly
Tuning - clearest brightest picture
Find a target and suppress with rain- tune and then remove clutter.
Check vrm and ebl. Performance monitor
What do you need for a stabilised radar
What is unstabalised radar
Gyro feed and log
Heading up. Can still get relative bearings of ships and work out cpa as you have the oa line
No arpa . Can’t get aspect
What is a PI line
A Pi line is a bearing and distance transferred from a chart to a radar and is a means to determine if you are on your pre determined track.
By using the distance off the land and your course you can set lines on the radar that give a clear indication if you have deviated from the course.
What is navtex
Part of gmdss equipment which receives automatic MSI which can be pre set to certain nav areas and certain alerts.
Transmits up to 400 miles offshore and the area is divided in 21 nav areas with different nav warnings. Operates on 518 khz
What is passage planning and why do we do it
A berth to berth risk assessment of the intended voyage to ensure the safety of the crew and the ship.
What is a dpa and what are his duties
Responsible for monitoring the safe management and operation of the ship and that the ship is complying with the sms. Provide a link between the ships crew and the highest level of management
What are some of the chapters of the red ensign group.
Construction and stability
Lsa appliances
Fire safety
Fire appliances
Gmdss
Navigation equipment
Accommodation and crew welfare
What is solas and some of its chapters
Solas chapter 5 safety of navigation for all vessels
Chapter 9 safety management
Chapter 3 lsa
Chapter 4 radio communication
What is a Mercator chart
What is a transverse Mercator
What is a gnomic chart
A chart used for navigation which cuts all the meridians at the same angle.
A large scale chart used for harbours and pilotage which are to scale.
A chart used for ocean route planning. Takes into account the curvature of the earth so you can plot great circle routes and transfer them to Mercator charts for navigating
How would you update a paper chart
I would look up the chart in the cumulative notice to mariners and make sure I have the most recent edition and that the previous corrections have been done. I would then check every subsequent weekly notice to mariners for any other corrections and make the corrections in majenta ink and note the correction in the bottom left corner. I would them make a note in the chart correction log
I could also use the search function on the admiralty website.
What is ais
A great aid to navigation which automatically transmits and receives specific data over vhf frequencies. Can only transmit one at a time so uses sotdma to sort transmission.
comprised of static data voyage data and
dynamic data- speed heading
Class a and b - b cannot always transmit and A takes priority.
What is sat c
Part of gmdss system that is split into 4 ocean areas with maritime rescue coordination centres in each area which operate in sea areas up to a3 using Inmarsat satellites.
Atlantic east
Atlantic west
Indian Ocean
Pacific ocean
What are the navtex warnings that can’t be rejected.
A- nav warnings
B met warnings
D search and rescue information and piracy
L nav warnings
What is the masters guide to the U.K. flag
A guide to help you comply with U.K. requirements and regulations for U.K. shipping with further information listed in mgn’s
Chapters
Manning
Hours of rest
Log books
Health and safety
Surveys and accident reporting
What is the bridge procedures guide and what is in it
Best guidance and practice on how do operate a bridge.
Effective bridge organisation
Passage planning
Duties of the oow
Operation and maintenance of bridge equipment
Pilotage
Checklists for navigation and emergencies
What is ism
Part of solas brought in to prevent the loss of life at sea and ensure the safe operations of ships and pollution prevention.
Minimise scope for poor or incorrect decisions and implement clear procedures and standards
Mgn 40
What is good radar practice
Quality of the performance needs to be checked regularly
Vrm check against range rings
Ebl against compass
Check performance monitor
Check vrm and ebl against charted when stationary objects
Receipt of a distress alert mid Atlantic
Tune to 2182 acknowledge receipt and establish comms
How to send a mayday relay
Send an All ships urgency alert
Mayday relay mayday relay mayday relay
This is your ship
Mayday boat name call sign Position Nature of distress Action Number of people Any other info
What would you expect in a handover from the outgoing officer.
Description of your daily tasks and key day to day activities.
Explanation of the computer system and ships sms
Any Ongoing issues with equipment and open projects
Briefed on the crew.
Assistance with familiarisation with all bridge equipment lsa and fire equipment.
What is an effective risk assessment
identify all the hazards
Determine who may be harmed and how
Determine the likelihood of harm arising
Quantify the severity of the harm
Provide the basis for implementing or improving control measures
Provide a basis for regular review and updating
What are the different risk assessments
Generic by management
Vessel specific risks
Toolbox talks
Personal assessment of risk
Passage planning
A berth to berth risk assessment of the intended voyage.
Using the 4 stages APEM
Gather all the information necessary to make the safest and most economical route from berth to berth.
Make sure you have the most up to date charts and publications for the intended passage. Check on crew requirements, certification and documentation are in order and valid. Ensure the vessel is capable of the passage and take into account distances of the intended legs and the fuel range of the vessel. Determine the provisions required for fuel water food . Check for weather trends and tendencies for the passage. Tidal windows and areas of strong current identified. Identify ports of refuge and hazardous areas to be avoided. When you are happy that it is safe for the passage to go ahead you can move onto planning and start marking out your no go areas on the chart and start marking on course legs and distances and adding information to aid in the bridge team such as aids to navigation and hazards to navigation. PI lines for coastal and pilotage areas. Tide critical areas. Radio reporting points, abort points, ports of refuge , vts reporting points, pilot requirements, call master points along with a summary of the plan broken down over each leg.
What are some aids to navigation
Radar conspicuous land.
Lighthouses
Charted objects
Buoys
Sector lights
Leading lines
Clearing lines
What are some hazards to navigation
Shallow areas
Strong tidal areas
Bad weather
Wrecks
Drifting hazards
Naval exercises
Heavy traffic
Poor catzoc
What is the execution.
Executing the plan is when we can add additional information closer to the time of departure. Check the Latest weather forecast and the latest tidal information. Determine time of departure and calculate eta’s. Expected traffic on the passage and any hazards to navigation in place. Confirm logistical details such as pilots berthing and bunkering. Complete ore departure checks and make logbook entries and any changes due to weather or other causes need to be approved by the master and the bridge team informed.
What is arpa and how does it work
Arpa is an automatic radar plotting aid which uses own ships course and speed to complete the O-A triangle plot giving the targets
true course and speed
CPA
Tcpa
Range and bearing
Now crossing range
Now crossing time
What is radar tuning
Adjusting to find the best match in frequencies to get the clearest picture with the best display
Re tune after half an hour after the magnetron has warmed up
What is course up and heads up
The view out the window good for situational awareness.
Course up takes account for the ships head movement. Where as heads up the land around will move with it and has a gyro feed
Heads up is the default display in an emergency and points dead ahead due to the heading marker switch installed on the radar.
Heading marker alignment
Switch to heads up and find a distant object dead ahead and make sure it is on line. Fine tune it consult the manual or get it looked at by a precessional.
How would you set your radars up for navigation.
S band 6 mile with regular long range scanning. Wider horizontal beam width so less detail but can see further ahead and affected less by rain and sea clutter
X band 3 miles with PI lines on x band for greater discrimination. Off set to see further ahead and a clearer picture. Better target identification and discrimination.
How does radar work.
Sends a rectangular pulse at the speed of light over a very narrow arc and times how long it takes for the signal to return. From this it can work out the range and bearing if a target.
Pulse lengths depend on range scale
What are the radar errors ?
Indirect false echoes are always in the shadow sector and bounce of the own ship. Correct range and bearing of what it has bounced off.
Side lobe is radiation from the main beam creating an arching either side of the target. Common if gain to high.
Multiple echo is bouncing back and forth between the radar and the target so same bearing but range doubling each time it is reflected.
Shadow sectors - reduces intensity of signal
Blind sectors- usually at the stern around the funnel. So blind astern. Install second scanner
Limitations of arpa
If the speed or heading input is not correct then the arpa will calculate incorrect W-a triangles and therefore giving false readings on the arpa card.
Bearing discriminations from the radar
The 3 minute wait
On arpa you can set guard zones to automatically acquire targets. Leave a hole in the middle so you don’t acquire clutter.
What is DGPS
Differential GPS monitors its own position which never moves against the satellites and calculates the errors and sends the updated position on MF frequency to a DGPS receiver. Common around the coast in developed countries.
What is a hydrometer
Used to measure the density of water to find out exactly where you can load your vessel to to account for the rise as you move to saltwater
With the density of the water you can calculate your mass with the underwater dimensions.
What is bearing discrimination ?
The ability for a radar to distinguish between two targets at similar ranges and similar bearings by using a narrow horizontal beam width
What is range discrimination ?
The ability of the radar to distinguish between two targets which lie on the same bearing at different ranges. To achieve this the pulses need to be separated by a minimum of half a pulse length and have a large vertical beam width 20-30 degrees
Factors that effect a radars detection range
Scanner height
Vertical beam width
Pulse length
What is pulse repetition frequency ?
The amount of pulses per sent out per second .
Long range- less pulses -400
Close range -2000
What is situational awareness
An appreciation of what is happening around the ship, where it is planned to be and wether any other vessel ,event or conditions developing in the vicinity pose a risk to the safety of the ship.
Use all of available equipment and full understanding of all of its functions and limitations.
What is gross tonnage and net tonnage
Gross tonnage is maximum amount of accessible volume
Net tonnage is its earning capacity - deducting machinery spaces and crew accommodation
What is load displacement and light displacement
Load displacement - fully stored ready for sea floating at load line
Light displacement - ready for sea no crew stores fuel water -
Load deadweight is the difference between the two
What is the angle of loll
Due to decreasing stability. Started off as unstable and now has no righting lever to upright the vessel and is prone to capsizing from external forces.
Neutral - G and M the same
Stable - G below M
Unstable G above M
Ecdis disadvantages
Over reliance Alarm fatigue Info clutter Power and gps reliant Difference software Not full coverage Special training Navigator becomes over reliant
Ecdis advantage
Fast accurate planning
Fusion of nav aid information
Automatic fast updates
Pre set alarms increases safety
What is port state control and psco
An inspection regime for countries to inspect ships of any flag within their waters and make sure they are complying with solas marpol mlc stcw and complying with the law
What is TPC
Tonnes per cm immersion. When loading a weight you can work out how much the draught will increase.
Fire extinguishers
Class c gas can only use powder and hi fog
Co2 class b - and electric
Foam a and b
Powder - abc
Heat fuel oxygen
Life raft case
Solas marking
Type of emergency pack
Length of painter
Bridge organisation
Record keeping
Safe manning
Communication
Masters standing orders
Prepared for emergencies
ALRS volume 1 costal radio stations
Coastguard
Satellite comms
Medical advice
Piracy reports
Volume 2
Radar beacons vhf finding stations
Aton ais dgps corrections
Sailing directions
Buoyage
Nav marks
Port approaches And ports
Wether trends
Admiralty routing charts
Each month and each ocean area
Average wind direction and force
Ocean currents
Ice limits
Average wave heights
Incidence of fog
Dew point temps
Mean air and sea temps
Mean air pressure
