OOP in Python Flashcards
Object-oriented programming
A programming paradigm based on “objects,” which contain state (attributes) and behavior (methods)
Object对象
A collection of structured data along with the operations that can be performed on that data. An object is one instance of a class.
Class类
A template or blueprint used to create objects of a specific data type. Defines what concrete objects will look like.
Instance实例
One particular object of a certain data type/class. Follows the format defined by its class, and has specific, individual state.
State状态
A generic term for the data that an object “knows” at one point in time. Usually, state can change over time.
Attribute属性
A named property of a class. Attributes are used to keep track of state.
Behavior行为
A generic term for what an object can “do.”
Method方法
A function that is defined inside of a class. Methods are usually used to describe behavior.
Constructor构造函数
A method used when creating objects. Usually initializes an object’s attributes.
__init__
Name of the method used by Python as the constructor. Pronounced “dunder init.” One of many “dunder” (double underscore) methods that are reserved by Python for specific tasks. Because __init__ is so common, the “dunder” is often dropped in spoken conversation.
self
The conventional name for a parameter that refers to an instance itself within a method of a class.
Module
Any .py file that contains functions, classes, variables, and/or other runnable code
Package
A collection of modules
Inheritance继承
A class relationship in which one class inherits attributes and behavior from another class. is-a relationship
Composition组合
A class relationship in which a class references other classes as instance variables and makes use of their methods and attributes. has-a relationship
Parent class
A class that contains variables and methods that can be inherited to other classes(base class, super class)
Child class
A class that contains its own variables and methods but also inherits the variables and methods from a parent class(derived class, sub class)
One-to-one
One composite object is associated with one component object, which means a single instance(has one)
One-to-many
One composite object is associated with a collection of component objects, which means a list of instance.(has many)
Software design pattern
Reusable patterns commonly used to solve problems. Usually describes how classes and functions are structured and used. Usually conceptual and language-agnostic.
Iterator
A class whose responsibility is to know how to iterate through an object.
Factory
A class or method whose responsibility is to create instances of some class.
Adapter
A class whose responsibility is to help two other classes communicate with each other.
Observer
A class whose responsibility is to watch for changes over many objects, and notify many objects when changes happen.
Decorator
A class or method whose responsibility is to dynamically alter and extend the behavior of a function or class.
Strategy
A class whose responsibility is to represent an algorithm.
Wrapper function
A function whose responsibility is to “wrap” another function, or call another function within itself
Decorator
In Python, a wrapper function applied using decorator syntax
Wrapped function
In the context of a wrapper function, the function that is being extended
Static method
A method that does not depend on an instance, and does not access instance or class variables. Essentially a regular function that happens to be stored in a class primarily for namespace purposes.
Class method
A method that receives a reference to the class itself. This method does not depend on an instance, and cannot access instance variables or methods.
