Online module 1 Mrs Greene Flashcards
What saying is used to help remember the signs of hypercalcaemia ?
It can cause increased urination but not as much as in diabetes.
Think Groans (constipation), Moans (depression and fatigue), Bones (sore bones), and (kidney) Stones
When a patient has increased frequency of urination what additional symptoms would indicate a UTI?
If it was painful to pass urine or if it had a foul smell
Define what diabetes insipidus is
Diabetes insipidus can be caused by low or absent secretion of the water-balance hormone vasopressin from the pituitary gland of the brain, or by a poor kidneyresponse to this chemical messenger, which is also called antidiuretic hormone.
If you were worried about the patient having diabetes insipidus and needed to differentiate it from diabetes mellitus what could you do?
Fluid deprivation test in which fluid output would not decrease in a patient
What is specifically damaged in T1DM (hint in terms of the pancreas)?
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
What is the purpose of urinanalysis in checking for diabetes ?
In a potential diabetic patient they may well have hyperglycaemia which means theres too much glucose in the blood and it leads to glucose being present in the urine which is detected in urinanalysis which calls for further tests to prove or disprove a diagnosis of diabetes
What random bloog glucose level would be indicative of diabetes ?
Blood glucose >11.1 mmol/L
This alone is not diagnostic, needs to have symptoms of diabetes also to diagnose with this, or 2 measurements on separate occasions over this limit would be diagnostic
HbA1c what is this mainly used for in diabetes ?
More commonly used in monitoring glucose control in known diabetics - hence monitoring effectiveness of there treatment. It can be useful in helping diagnose
HbA1c > 48mmol/L is indicative of diabetes
What does the detection of iselt autoantibodies point to?
T1DM rather than T2DM
What is gluconeogenesis ?
Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars (namely glucose) for catabolic reactions from non-carbohydrate precursors.
e.g. amino acids to glucose
What is the ideal plasma concentration of glucose ?
3.6 to 5.8 mmol/L
How many different hormones regulate plasma glucose concentrationa and what is different about the action of insulin in this regulation compared to the rest?
5 different hormones - insulin is the only one which by its action decreases plasma glucose concentration
Where is insulin produced ?
In beta cells of the iselts of langerhans in the pancreas
What are the 4 different roles which insulin carries out to encourage storage of carbohydrate as a way of reducing blood glucose ?
- Facilitation of glucose transport into cells (through glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) recruitment in insulin-dependant tissues)
- Stimulation og glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen from glucose)
- Inhibition og glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose)
- Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Insulin has some addition effects where it works on fatty acids and amino acids - what are these effects ?
Fatty acid effects:
- Encourages entry of fatty acids into adipose tissues
- Promotes chemical reactions that use fatty acids (for triglyceride synthesis)
- Inhibits lypolysis
Amino acid effects:
- Promotes uptake of amino acids into muscles and other tissues
- Stimulates protein synthesis
- Inhibits degradation of protein
Through what mechanism is insulin secretion regulated ?
It is regulated by a feedback loop:
This means the release of insulin is controlled by its own action
- Presence of glucose in pancreatic beta cells stimulates insulin secretion
- Insulin takes affect and decreases blood glucose conc which results in less glucose entering the beta cells.
- This results in less insulin secreted
What are the main symptoms of DM ?
All on the pic - these are just some of the definitions of the words
polyphagia = excessive hunger/ increased appetite
stupor = state of near unconsciousness
kussmaul breathing = deep laboured breathing
