Online Lecture Flashcards
What are the two divisions of microscopical anatomy?
Cytology and histology
What is a branch of developmental anatomy?
Embryology
What is a branch of abnormal anatomy?
Pathological anatomy
What are the six levels of organisation?
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
What are the three divisions of gross anatomy?
Systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, superficial anatomy
Describe the regions and number of vertebrae in each of the vertebral column
5 regions
The cervical region has 7 vertebrae
the thoracic region has 12 vertebrae (one for each pair of ribs)
the lumbar region has 5 vertebrae
the sacral region has one vertebrae made from 5 fused vertebrae
the coccygeal region has one vertebrae made from 2-5 fused vertebrae
Where are the intervertebral discs located in the vertebral column?
Below C2 till above S1
Describe the structure of the intervertebral discs?
Concentric rings of fibrocartilidge called the annulus fibrosis with a central jelly like structure called the nucleus pulposus
Describe the curvatures of the spine?
Two dorsal convexities in the thoracic and sacral regions and two dorsal concavities in the cervical and lumbar regions
Describe lordosis
Exaggeration of the curve of the lumbar region
Describe kyphosis
Exaggeration of the thoracic curve
Describe scoliosis
Abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of the spine often accompanied by kyphosis
What are the two main body cavities called?
The dorsal and the ventral body cavities
What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity
The cranial cavity with the brain and the vertebral cavity with the vertebral column
What are the three divisions of the dorsal body cavity
The thoracic cavity the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
What is contained within the thoracic cavity?
2 pleural cavities each with one lung, the pericardial cavity with a heart, the ribs, muscles and mediastinum
What does the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity contain
the oesophagus, trachea, thyroid, heart in the pericardial cavity, lungs in the pleural cavities
What is contained in the abdominal cavity?
the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys
What is contained in the pelvic cavity?
The bladder, rectum and reproductive organs
What are the four abdominal quadrants?
right upper and right lower quadrants and left upper and left lower quadrants
Where is the liver located in terms of quadrants?
right upper quadrant
Where is the pancreas located in terms of quadrants?
right lower
Name the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity:
1 | 2 | 3 --------- 4 | 5 | 6 --------- 7 | 8 | 9
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
- Left hypochondriac region
- Right lumbar region
- Umbilical region
- Left lumbar region
- Right iliac region
- Hypo gastric region
- Left iliac region
Describe the lines that divide the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity:
1 | 2 | 3 --------- 4 | 5 | 6 --------- 7 | 8 | 9
The two vertical lines are the mid clavicular lines and run down from the middle of each clavicle
The line below regions 1 2 and 3 is the trans-pyloric line and is positioned at the level of the pyloris of the stomach
The line below regions 4 5 and 6 is the trans-tubercular line and is positioned at the levels of the tubercular of the hip bones
Describe the coronal plane?
Cuts the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) portions
Describe the Transverse plane?
Cuts the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior)
Describe the Sagittal plane?
It cuts the body into left and right portions
