One Variable Designs Flashcards
What is Disconfirming Evidence?
Data or findings that contradict or challenge a hypothesis.
Example: A study shows no effect of caffeine on memory, disconfirming the belief that it improves focus.
What is a Null Hypothesis?
A statement suggesting no effect or relationship exists in the population.
Example: There is no difference in test scores between students who sleep 6 hours vs. 8 hours.
What is a Research Hypothesis?
A statement predicting an effect or relationship between variables.
Example: People who sleep 8 hours will perform better on memory tests than those who sleep 6 hours.
What is a P Value?
The probability that the observed result is due to chance.
Example: A p-value of 0.03 suggests there’s a 3% chance the result occurred by chance.
What is a Significance Level?
The threshold for determining if results are statistically significant, usually set at 0.05.
Example: If the p-value is below 0.05, the results are considered significant.
What is a Sample?
A subset of the population selected for research.
Example: 100 college students are selected to represent all college students in a study.
What is Distribution?
The way data points are spread out in a set.
Example: A normal distribution of test scores shows most students scored near the average.
What is Error?
The difference between observed values and true values.
Example: A measurement error occurs when a thermometer shows 5 degrees more than the actual temperature.
What is Mode?
The most frequent value in a data set.
Example: In the dataset 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, the mode is 4.
What is Median?
The middle value in a data set when ordered from least to greatest.
Example: In the dataset 1, 3, 3, 5, 7, the median is 3.
What is Mean?
The average value of a data set, calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values.
Example: In the dataset 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the mean is (1+2+3+4+5) ÷ 5 = 3.
What is Range?
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.
Example: In the dataset 1, 3, 5, 7, the range is 7 - 1 = 6.
What is Variance?
The average squared deviation of each data point from the mean.
Example: The variance for the dataset 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 measures how spread out the numbers are from the mean.
What is Standard Deviation?
The square root of the variance, showing the spread of data points around the mean.
Example: A standard deviation of 1 means most values lie within 1 unit of the mean.
What is a T-Test?
A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups.
Example: A t-test could compare the average test scores of students in two different study groups.
What is Within-Subjects Variance?
Variability in data due to differences within the same group across conditions.
Example: In a memory test, within-subject variance may occur when a person performs differently on two trials.
What is Between-Subjects Variance?
Variability in data due to differences between different groups.
Example: Between-subject variance might show different performance levels between students with different study habits.
What is an Alpha Level?
The threshold for significance, typically set at 0.05, determining if the results are statistically significant.
Example: An alpha level of 0.05 means there’s a 5% chance that the results are due to random error.
What is a Type 1 Error?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (false positive).
Example: Concluding that a new drug works when it actually doesn’t.
What is a Type 2 Error?
Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false (false negative).
Example: Concluding that a drug has no effect when it actually does.
What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
A statistical test used to compare means across three or more groups.
Example: ANOVA is used to compare the average test scores of students from different teaching methods.
What does ANOVA stand for?
It stands for Analysis of Variance.
Example: ANOVA helps researchers compare the effectiveness of three different therapy treatments.
