One Stop Shop Flashcards
What joist system is designed to mimic a floor system?
One-way ribbed
Can you use fasteners on a block wall?
No….. according to the books…. but I’ve done it before…
What is the counter balance for imposed weight ration of a swing stage?
4:1
What should the maximum unsupported length of wood shores be?
Hint- it’s also known as as the slenderness ration
50 x smallest dimension
What are the modular unit sizes of masonry blocks
400 mm length
200 mm height
100, 200, 300 mm thick
However the actual size is 10 mm shatter in height and width to allow for a mortar joint
390 mm x 190mm
What is the angle of repose for
- hard compact soil
- likely to crack or crumble soil
- soft, sandy or loose soil?
30°
45°
The steepest angle at which the material will not slide or crumble.
What is the minimum horizontal opening for a square & circular ladder cage
760x760mm
Or a diameter of 760mm
At what depth does a trench require shoring or cutbacks
1.5 meters
All excavations over how deep must have shoring
3M
All debris removed from an excavation must be piled how far away
1m
What’s the weight of light weight concrete per cubic foot
85-115 lb/ft cubed
What is the weight of regular concrete per cubic foot
135-160 lb/ft cubed
What is the weight of heavy weight concrete per cubic foot
Up to 400 lb/ft cubed
What are the three methods of mixing concrete
- absolute
- ration
- volume
What are the steps for applying dry shake hardener
Float shake float shake float
What is type 1 concrete
Your normal or general concrete
What is type 2 concrete
Moderate sulphur / low temp
What is type 3 concrete
High early. Low water to cement ratio. And Cures quickly 24-72 hours
What is type 4 concrete
Low temperature, great for large pours and hot weather.
What is type 5 concrete
Sulphur resistant
What concrete joist system is designed to mimic wood floor joist systems
Waffle slab or the two way joist
How much concrete is in a truck
About 7-10 cubic meters
What crane attachment is used to move table forms and shorless forms
C-hook
What would be used to counteract uplift on battered columns
Rock ballast. And tie down to reinforcing insert anchors
What distance must a joint in drywall be from an opening edge
300mm or 12”
What are jack shores
An aluminum shore post with two types of adjustments.
What is the scaffold tie spacing for hoarding
3m x 3m
What are the scaffold tie spacing of un hoarded
4.6 x 6.4 m
What is the formula for calculating the concrete age in a slip form
Form height / jack rate
What is Alberta’s safety factor for erecting scaffolding near excavations
Normally it’s depth x the safety factor.
In Alberta is depth x 2
What are some different concrete anchors for concrete walls and floors?
- Adhesive or capsule
- expansion anchors
- drop in anchors
- wedge anchors
- masonry lead anchors
- Masonry screws
What’s the o.c spacing for screwing on drywall both on the edges and in the field
150-200 mm for the edges
300- 400mm in the field
What suspends the Deck form work in between beams
Saddle hangers
What is the main difference between flat slab & flat plate suspended slab systems
Flat plate is cast directly on top of the columns while flat slabs use capitals and drop panels to minimize point loading
When considering using a chloride accelerator. What must first be addressed
Rebar type. If it’s uncoated it will damage the rebar.
Type 5 concrete shouldn’t be used with this accelerator.
If aluminum is involved somehow… I can’t read the rest of my card…
Aluminum conduit or something like that
What is a node point in scaffolding
A tie back point and a point where scaffold members meet
What is the maximum ratio for cement and water for bagged concrete. W/c ration.
1L of water for ever Kg of concrete.
1/2.
The ideal percentages for water to concrete is 35% water to 45% water
What is the maximum working height for a single pole scaffold
9meters
What is the concrete truck that takes the separated ingredients for concrete to remote locations called
A mobile batch mixer
For a low slope roof (flat roof) What is the lowest rise to run ratio
1:50
What is the usual width of metal scaffold planks
228mm or 9”
What are the different types of defects possible for concrete placement and finishing.
- spalling (corroding rebar)
- dusting (improper curing)
- scaling (water freezes)
- honeycombing (bad aggregate)
- cracking
- bleeding
- cold joints
- discolouration
What is the effect of plasticizers on concrete.
Increases place ability
What effect do plasticizers have on pressure
Increases latteral pressure
What is used to pour concrete underwater
A tremie
What is a positive tie
A positive tie is attached to building features and supported back into itself.
Some examples would be
- box ties
- window ties
- push pull ties
- Beam clamp ties
How many braces would a Column need
Four
In Canada, scaffolds are considered safe if the width of the base is to what ration
The base has to be equal to at least one 3rd of the hight
Rise to run is 3:1
What chemical would you add to concrete to make it more flow able though a pump
Pozzolan
What are the effects of retarders on concrete
Slows set time. Which when used in form work creates a longer lasting pressure
What gauge is steel door frames typically
16 gauge
What’s the difference between a construction joint and a cold joint
Construction joints are purposeful cold joints to allow pouring on a different day.
What distance from power lines should equipment be kept
7 meters to avoid arching
What is the minimum and maximum heights for guard rails
920 - 1070 mm
How would you calculate the rate of placement
Height / anticipated time
What is another name for a two way joist system
Waffle slab
When making rough bucks what should be considered regarding thickness.
Rough bucks should be slightly narrower than the wall to making butting up easier.
What is a gang form
Large engineered forms
How close should ties be to studs
As closed to the stud as possible
Would wall thickness have an effect on lateral concrete pressure
No. Sounds crazy but wall thickness has no direct impact on lateral concrete pressure.
How does a larger aggregate affect lateral pressure
Less fluid means less pressure.
Joints in adjacent to wailers should not occure within…
One tie space
When using coil ties. What is the minimum penetration of the bolt.
1 diameter of the coil rod is minimum.
What are two main benefits of snap ties
Holds the wall thickness
And supports both braces
What is the main disadvantage of pencil rod ties
Have a high potential to rust and there for Have to be ground down and filled after forms have bin removed
What would a sleeve be in concrete form work
A small opening left in the walls to allow for mechanical services to pass through.
When would pre stressed cast in place concrete be tensioned?
After concrete has cured 60-80% of design strength and is post tensioned.
What would black annealed wire be used for
Tying standard rebar
What is the acceptable deflection amount in structural concrete
1/270
What is the acceptable deflection rate in architectural concrete
1/360
where must non-loadbearing interior Walls occur?
when parallel to floor joists they must be directly ontop of the joists or supported by blocking
At 1200mm 0n centre
where must loadbearing interior
Walls occur?
must be supported by a beam or bearing wall directly underneath
How far can load barring walls carrying ceiling loads be away from supports
900mm
How far from supports can a load bearing wall be when both ceiling and floor loads are carried?
600 mm
What are the 5 framing systems
1 platform
2 balloon
3 post and beam
4 pole construction
5 structural insulated panels
why are ceiling joists run in the same direction as roof rafters
Runs across the shortest span increasing building strength. And makes it easier to lay out the roof and rafters together.
What is the minimum attic access size for a residence
0.32m2 with no demention less then 500mm
(0.35 m2 is for means of egress)
What are the three most common vertical sidings
Board and batten
Toung and grove
Channel
What are 5 common styles for horizontal sidding
Clap board
Beveled
Rabbeted
Shiplap
Dropped
How would you calculate the exposure of siding
Actual siding size minus the overlaps would be how to calculate how much siding is exposed.
You then take full height and decide it by exposer to find number of rows.
Round to a whole row and divide height again by that number to get the true exposer of the siding
How would you calculate the number of rows needed for siding
First you need to calculate your maximum allowable exposure.
The take your max wall height and divide by maximum allowable exposure. This will give you your number of rows.
If you take the max wall height and redivide by the number of rows you will discover actual exposure of the siding.
How far below the top of the foundation should the first course of wood siding extend?
25 mm
Why would you use a furring strip on the first row of beveled or clap board siding. And on no rows after.
This insures the angle remains consistent throughout the assembly.
In what situations would it be acceptable to to eliminate flashing?
When upper exterior finish overlaps the lower one by 25 mm or more
When cladding is installed over a drained/ vented air space or in joints in stucco where a weather tight construction joint is used
Why would you make a column with a tapered face?
To help it resist uplift
What is a caisson
A containment sleeve
What would pilasters support?
Vertical loads and a small amount of the wall load
What is a common place to find a flat plate slab?
Apartment buildings or small offices
What is a saddle hanger used for?
To suspend forms between a steel beam
As the height of the wall increases what can you do to the wall thickness
You can decrease wall thickness as the height increases…. Apparently
What is used to support the joist on top of shores?
Stringers
What is added to support tall, slender wood shores to help prevent them from buckling?
Bracing and lacing
What is the recommended wood wedge slope for concrete form work
1:12
When turning an angle with a theodolite. What readings would you get
Degrees, minutes, seconds
How many braces should be used per tilt up panel?
Minimum of 2
How can tilt up panel connections be made?
Welding, bolting, or grouting
What’s the best way to counteract restraint and shrinkage in concrete.
Add a control joint
What would MW refer to when talking about WWM
Welded wire mesh which has the preface MW which means “smooth metric”
So smooth metric welded wire mesh.
In PVC water stop there is a little bubble in the middle. This is there for?..
Expansion
Pre tensioned concrete has 3 notable advantages. What are they?
Longer spans
Enhanced water tightness
reduced concrete volume
What is the deflection caused by pre stressing known as
A Camber
What would you need before you considered drilling, jacked hammered or sawed into pre stressed concrete
The consent of a engineer.
What should never be used in pre cast concrete
Calcium chloride.
Wish I had why, I assume because it will eat the tensioning wire
Before post tensioning, how strong should the concrete be.
At least 60-80% it’s designed strength
Where does post tensioning tendons in a continuous span beam intersect the neutral axis?
Quarter pointes
Which method between pre stressed and post tensioning uses cables to put the members into compression?
Pre stressed
A bulk head with a key way and protruding rebar is an example of which type of joint?
A construction joint
What is the recommended depth for a control joint?
One quarter the members thickness
What is welded wire mesh mostly used in
Non- structural concrete slabs
What would allow you to increase the spacing between control joints?
If The slab thickness is increased or of aggregate size is increased.
What is the minimum cover for rebar in a footing
75mm
In a cantilever beam. Where would the primary reinforcements be placed
Near the top of the beam.
What rebar tie is used in walls
The figure 8 tie
What is the name for the top Matt of rebar which runs perpendicular to the bottom Matt
Temperature bars
If rebar has a designation of W what would you take that to mean?
That it can be welded
How much do you need to lap WWM or WWF
1 space plus 50 mm
Slabs, walls and , joists require the same amount of concrete coverage.
What is it in mm
20mm
How would you calculate splice lengths for rebar
300 mm minimum
Or 20 x rebar diameter
But 24 x rebar diameter for walls and columns
What is a chamfer strip and how do we see it used
Chamfer strip is just a peace of wood used in the forming of bevels on exterior corners. Like on columns and walls
What is the connection between pre cast beams and columns
Metal to metal connection
When should braces be attached for tilt up panels
Prior to the lift
What is the main purpose of welded wire fabric
To minimize temperature cracking
Pour strips in walls that enhance construction joints are called what?
Rustication strips
When erecting pre-cast columns, the column is set down in what?
shim pack and leveling nuts
How deep should control joints be set into the concrete
1 quarter the slab thickness…. I think I already made this card
What materials can be used in isolation joints
Sponge rubber,
Cork
Expansion polystyrene
What joint allows only horizontal movement?
Expansion joints
When using a concrete pump. How big can the aggregate size be
No bigger than 1/3 the hose diameter
How far should a vibrator penetrate a previous lift
150mm or 6”
What is the recommended depth when doing lifts in concrete
Lifts are 2meters
What is the difference between gunite and shotcrete
They are the same thing. As in they have the same uses for pools and and skate parks. However they differ in how they are mixed and applied.
How are precast members connected
Metal to metal. Then welded
How many hours should concrete set before being sand blasted
Between 24-72 hours for the best finish
What percentage of the concrete volume is made up of the aggregate
60-70% of the total volume
How big is fine aggregates
0.33mm
How big is course aggregate
40-50mm
What is the main distinction between mortar and grout?
Mortar is a bonding agent while grout only fills spaces
What is the minimum slump allowed
25mm slump
What is the maximum allowable placement time for concrete after mixed
2 hours
Iron, steelshot , and limonite are used in what type of concrete
Heavy concrete
What test is used for soupy concrete to determine its slump
The Jring test
Why would you add gypsum to concrete
To slow down the set time of the mix
What is architectural concrete
Concrete that is formed then revealed on sight with no finishing. Must be perfect first go
Where are tilt up panels mostly seen used
During ware house construction
What does cast in place mean
A form is constructed and poured on site
What is pre cast concrete best suited for
Long spans
Which concrete types are best for hot weather
Type 2 and 4
How much does plain concrete shrink
0.5 mm over 1 meter
What is a split key?
A key way split around rebar
What is the minimum tread depth on the narrow side of winder stare
There is no minimum. Winders are the Only step that can come to a point
What is the minimum tread depth on the narrow side of a circular stair
150 mm
At what depth do you router into a housed stringer
1/3 material thickness
What does a lead time on material mean?
Means you must give notice of the order to allow the supplier to get everything ready in time for you
What are the energy performances compared to building code for net zero building practices
100% performance is net zero
What are the energy performances compared to building code net zero ready homes
Up to 80% energy efficient
What are the energy performances compared to building code for R-2000 building practices
+50 % efficiency
What are the energy performances compared to building code for energy star building practices
+20% efficiency
What is the golden ratio
8/13
What is the typical height of kitchen lowers
915mm or 36”
What is the typical depth of kitchen lowers
610mm or 24”
What is the typical counter top overhang of kitchen lowers
19-25 mm
3/4 to 1”
At what height does a landing become required
3.7 meters
What order would you install laminate on a counter top
Form least visible to most visible.
Example : ends, front/back, then the top
When materials have bin delivered what should be done to minimize damages
Open and allow to acclimatize
Check for damage to protect your own ass
Then protect them from other trades.
What degrees of opening are euro cabinet hinges most commonly
110 ° and 180°
Why would partial board and MDF be preferred for laminating
Flat, smooth and, constant surfaces which will not telegraph wood grain through the laminate like plywood will
What is the joint offset when installing panel underlayment over plywood subfloor
200mm or 8”
What thickness of Poly is required for a vapour barrier/ VDR
6Mil
Not to be confused with 6mm
Which Definitely didn’t get me on a test or some shit
What is the stack effect
The stake effect refers to the density differentials between warm and cold air.
Hot air tends to rise making the pressures higher at the top of your house. Pushing air out through the ceiling while pulling air in at the foundation.
At what height does toe board and screening become required
If a walk way is higher than 3.5 meters
What does the building code say in regards to the location of the Vapour barrier?
Must be installed in the inner 3rd of the insulation
How do you cut laminate with a knife accurately
Score the top with a strait edge and a sharp blade. Then lift upwards to snap
When do exterior stairs need guard rails
When they exceed 600mm in height
What must the average unit run at the centre line of a curved stair be minimum
200mm
What us the maximum allowable unit rise for public stairs
180mm
What are the four kitchen shapes
U shape
L shape
Corridor/ galley
Single wall
What is the minimum door width for barrier free
36” or 900mm
What is the minimum door width of not concerned with barrier free
32” or 865 mm
What must be done when a framed opening in a roof exceeds two rafters spaces
Rafters must be doubled up on both sides
What is the code clearance required above a range with a range hood
610 mm
What is the code clearance required above a range without a range hood
750mm
What are the minimum and maximum wall mounted hand rail heights
865- 1070mm
What is the minimum and maximum hand rail height in relation it the leading edge of a tread
800 - 920mm
When would you need to get development permits
When your construction influences the community
What is the fibre saturation point
The point where moisture content in wood is around 24-32%
The cell walls are still saturated with moisture however the cell cavities are dry
What the height restrictions for closet rods and shelves
Rod is always 4” or 100mm below the shelf.
Typical shelf height is 1800mm and the maximum allowable height is 2200mm
There are two common types of laminated floorings. What are they
Plastic laminate flooring
And veneered flooring
In grade beam form work. There is a method which involves stakes driving into the ground which are in line to the outside edge of the grade beam.
What are the steps in this procedure?
First stakes are driven to or cut off at the elevation equal to the underside of the grade beam.
Then a ledger is attached to the stakes and aligned to the beam face .
A kicker is offset by the thickness of the form panel and nailed to the ledger.
Finally the plywood form work panels are installed on top of the ledger and nailed into the kicker.
Snap ties wailers and rebar are placed, completing the opposite side of the form face
The second kicker is not nailed to the ledger which allows for grade beam form work to move as lateral concrete pressure tightens up the form work.
Sorry for the novel. But this is a red seal question I’ve seen
How is WAP and fascia height related
They are directly proportional and when dealing with unequal sloped roofs must be the same to keep facia height the same
What is the typical kitchen upper cabinet clearance
450mm or 18”
What is the typical kitchen upper cabinet depth
305mm or 12”
What is the typical kitchen upper cabinet height
750- 1050mm
Or 30- 42”
How much bigger should laminate be cut to allow proper placement and routering
10-12 mm bigger all around
20-24 mm bigger overall
What is the typical appliance clearance for a range
750 mm
What is the typical appliance clearance for a dishwasher
610mm or 24”
What is the typical appliance clearance for a refrigerator
750 - 900 mm
Or 30-36”
What is the typical appliance clearance for a trash compactor
306 mm
Or 12 1/4”
What is the typical clearances for drawer slides and boxes
12.5mm clearance each side and the drawer height should be 25mm less then opening
What is the typical dimension of a vanity’s height
- Easy to remember because it’s 100mm less then normal kitchen lowers
What is the typical dimension of a vanity’s depth (not handy cap)
550mm
When wood floor strips are parallel to subfloor supports. What would you need to add
Underlayment
What are the average energy uses of water heating
17% of PE
What are the average energy uses of lighting
3.5%- 10%
What are the average energy uses of appliances
14%
What should be considered when installing fresh air intakes on the exterior
You want it a minimum of 3 meters away from any exhaust
And a minimum of 450 mm above grade
What is the typical height for a bar
1070 (same as handrail and guardrail maximums )
What is the minimum to maximum stair width for Private
860- 1100mm
What is the minimum to maximum stair width for public
No less than 900mm but no maximum width restrictions
How wide must a landing be?
At least as long as the stair width. And the length cannot go below 860 or above 1100 (same as the minimums and maximum stair widths for private)
If treads are to be used between winders and landings. How many steps can there be minimum
2 treads minimum between
How much space should be allowed under interior doors to allow air flow.
Old rule is 25mm or 1” but with air returns now standard in Every room to help equalize differential pressures it may now be different.
I’m tired man.
What is the maximum slope for an wheelchair ramp
1:12
What is the minimum overlap for air barriers and moisture barriers
100mm
What is the acceptable ACH
1.5 ACH @ 50pa or lower
And just in case. ACH stands for
air changes per hour
What percent of windows should face south to obtain the maximum solar benefits
50-60% or windows should face within 30° due south
Minimum and maximum heights for guard rails
920-1070mm
They really want ya to know that one
How wide must temporary stairs be
600mm or 24” minimum
When digging around flagging what are the control zones
1 meter all around unless dealing with high pressure or delicate faculties such as fiber optic in which case the control zone should go to 5 meters all around
What is the typical width for handy cap vanities
760mm
What is the typical height for handy cap vanities
685mm
What is the typical depth for handy cap vanities
485mm
If framing arch or an eyebrow header. How would you go about getting the proper shape
Laminate together multiple (several) layers of plywood together to the radius you need.
For a winder stair. What is the estimated distance from the inside stringer people would tend to walk
450mm (extremely important for stair math)
What percent does wood shrink in all directions. (Length , tangentially, radially)
0.1% length
8% tangentially
4% radially
What is the code spacing for fastening underlayment
150mm O.C along all edges
200mm O.C in the field
Minimum stair run for private
255mm
Minimum head room for public
2050mm
At what height is the grab bar for a tub
Between 7-11”
Minimum run for public
280mm
What is the maximum height a threshold should be.
Hint. Wheel chairs need to be able
To go over them
12.5mm maximum
To finish laminate edges. What router bit should be used
A 60° bit and a nice file
What are 3 types of cabinet doors catches
Magnetic, touch, and roller
What is the minimum rise for private and public stairs
125mm
What is the minimum headroom for a spiral stair case
1980
(this is also the minimum height between a exposed closer and the floor as found in the code book.)
This is a red seal question I’ve seen
What are the two methods for construction winder stairs
Laminated stringers
Or
Layered platforms
What is the maximum rise for private stair cases
200mm
What is the maximum run for private stair cases
355mm
When ordering Plastic laminate sheets. What are the two sizes commonly seen
4x8
5x12
What is the standard washer and dryer size
750mm
At what depths can utilities be found at
450- 600mm (18-24”) in alleyways
900- 1500mm (3-5’) in streets
Theses are below the frost line so thing is things that can freeze such as water and sewer lines
Minimum head room for private
1950mm
What is the effective depth for a wood notched stringer
90mm
What is the minimum end barring for a floor joist
38mm
What are the rules for determining eave projection
900mm up in slope or 300mm horizontally beyond inner face of wall
What are 3 different type of residential partitions junctions
L shape (no blocking)
U shape (blocking)
Ladder (maintains on centre spacing with blocking.)
How far can a load barring walls carrying ceiling loads be away from the support?
900mm
How far can a load barring walls carrying ceiling and floor loads be away from a support?
600mm
What are flush beams used for?
they support the ceiling joists in open areas Where no bearing walls are provided.
the joists are butted into the side of the beam to keep the bottoms at the Same elevation.
Order of positioning a window in a rough opening.
First level the window by shining under the low side of the frame. Nail the bottom corners.
Second tack a top
Corner temporarily and check diagonal measurements adjusting until there the same. Then tack the top corners in place
This is another red seal question. We’ve seen.
How much air space must be left behind a brick wall to allow for ventilation and drainage?
25mm
The lower course of Block walls should have weaping holes how far apart?
800mm apart
What structural purpose of the ceiling framing.
Helps tie the exterior walls together to resist outward pressure of the rafters.
Carries the dead load of the attic insulation and the ceiling finish material.
What is the difference between wooden shingles and shakes
shakes are split and come tapered or straight
shingles are sawn and always tapered
If cladding is effected adversely by moisture. How far above finished grade must it be kept
200mm
I believe it’s 150 if it’s not adversely effected by moisture
What things should be considered BEFORE demolition
- Which facilities are involved and do you need other trades people to come take care of them. Such as an electrician for power or someone to remove asbestos
- Do you need equipment is needed. Do you have it or need to rent it?
- Is there structural integrity to consider. Does an engineer need to be involved or do you need to add supports
- How will the garbage from the demo be removed or stored. And what is going to be re-used
How are ribbons installed for ballon framing
The wall studs are notched out like a dado to receive the ribbon which provides the barring for the floor joists
These are then nailed into the studs
And a fire stop can then be added aswell
What size sheathing is used for post and beam construction. And why.
Post and beam construction uses large timber. This means the roof beams need to be spaced further apart to keep weight down while still providing the support required. This means the roof sheathing must be thicker to accommodate the spacing and minimize deflection.
Tung and grove lumber around 38mm or 1.5” is is often used for sheathing in post and beam construction.
What is pole framing used for mostly
Farm buildings or cottages.
Where there is a common possibility for flooding. Which framing should be used
Pole construction with suspended floors.
What is structural insulated panels made of?
They are made with two skins that are bonded to a polyurethane foam core. The interior skin is usually gypsum board and the exterior skin may be OSB or pressure treated ply wood. Some manufacturers place regular wall studs between the skins to give the panel greater strength.
What are structural insulated panels used for?
They were originally designed for use as exterior walls. But have bin incorporated into floor and roof systems aswell.
What materials in framing are most susceptible to shrinkage
Solid lumber member placed on edge such as floor joists, beams and lintels are most susceptible to shrinking.
Which framing types have minimal concern for shrinkage problems
Ballon framing because stud height shrinks very little and the ribbons shrinking doesn’t create cracks or damage to finishes.
Structural insulated panels is not effected by moisture or shrinkage and the polyurethane core does not expand or contract.
What is the danger of platform framing which is commonly built on pony walls or knee walls?
They have very little resistance to lateral loads imposed between the floor joists and the pony walls meaning a strong wind or an earth quake which causes this load could shift the house
What factors help determine stud size
If the wall is-
interior or exterior.
Supporting loads
Has larger stud spacing
has unsupported height
When nailing lintels together. What details could be done to make the inspectors job easier
Nailing the lintels visibly from the inside of the building so the inspector can determine if it’s fastened properly.
When can a lintel be placed flat.
When it’s in a non load bearing wall above an opening.
When determining your length for wall studs from blue prints.
Blue prints show ceiling height on elevation drawings. So you must deduct your bottom, cap, and top plate to find your stud length.
If the sole plate is not flush with the outer edges of the floor frame. How much can of the width of the plate is aloud to project past the floor.
One third of the width of the plate may project past the floor.
This allows the walls to be straight even if the floor frame or foundation is not.
Also, where ridget insulation is applied to the outside of the rim and header joist, the wall will be flush with the insulation.
Layout for a room is typically done in what directions.
Left to right (this includes the back of the room.)
And front to back.
This is done to help layout of studs fall as close to if not exactly in the joists (if they have the same O.C spacing)
Minimizing problems with load transfer, plumbing, and duct work.
Joints in the top and sole plate can occur anywhere. But typically you want them ___________.
On the center of a stud. They may occur on the same stud or staggered
How would you speed up your layout of the top and sole plates.
Nail them together and lay them out together.
This also minimizes errors.
What is the cut length for a lintel
The cutting length of a lintel is the rough opening width plus the thickness of both trimmers.
The first stud you lay out for a 16” on centre wall will fall at what dimension.
15 and 1/4 is your first stud which will make your wall 16 O.C
If you’re intersecting a wall for or you would hold your tap at the wall thickness before marking your 15 and 1/4
Once again ensuring that your 16s are O.C
What is the joint spacing between the top and cap plates on straight walls
Must be staggered a minimum of one O.C spacing
If the wall is classified as the long side of the wall. Where would you start your sheeting?
Flush with the end of the wall
If the wall is classified as the short side of the wall. Where would you start your sheeting
The end of the sheeting should project past the framing by the thickness of the other wall. This ensures the entire exterior is sheeted evenly.
(Wall framing systems part B page 31 first paragraph.) this for the picture of it doesn’t make sense
When nailing your sheeting. What is the spacing of nails on edge and in the field
Edge is 150mm o.c
And 300mm in the field
Why would you leave a 2mm gap between your sheets of plywood?
To allow for expansion.
Non-structural rigid insulation can be used as sheathing material. What are some advantages of this building practice
Increases the R value while decreasing the effects of thermal bridging.
This can also act as an air and moisture barrier when properly sealed.
After you have aligned the wall to the chalk line. And go on to nail down the sole plate. How frequently and how deep must the nails go
Nails should be placed every 400mm or 16” and penetrate the subfloor AND the floor joist or headers.
What is a rake wall?
A rake wall is a wall made to accommodate a sloped or vaulted ceiling. (Sloped wall)
How much would you add to a given doors size to determine the rough opening size
Around 2” to 2.5” to the doors width and height.
Blocking is required every 1200mm under non-load bearing walls when?
When the wall falls between joists
For interior walls which run perpendicular to floor joists. What would you do whenever possible to help allow services that have to run through the floor and wall framing the most available space
Line up the wall layout with the floor joists to layout.
What is the one difference between partitions and exterior walls in regards to assembly.
Partitions are not sheared prior to erecting them. This eliminates the need to square them
Is a partition wall is to come in contact with any exterior walls or ceilings. What is needed
A 400mm (16) strip of polyethylene vapour barrier is sandwiched between the top and the cap plates during assembling a partition to be placed against insulated ceilings.
And the same strip size is used where partitions bump against exterior walls. This insures the continuity of the vapour barrier.
What is the nail spacing for a partition wall when nailing the sole plate to joists or blocking.
600mm (24) apart
When do you begin to straighten residential walls
After all exterior and interior walls have bin erected.
How do you go
About straightening a wall
String line and a feeler block.
What angle on wall braces provides the greatest strength
45 degrees
How are braces fastened in wall framing.
Securely at the top to the wall. And bottom should be attached to blocks which are nailed to the floor
When should framing braces be in place till
Until the roof sheathing is completed.
Modifying studs by notching or drilling may be required to accommodate other trades. When notching a load bearing stud how much wood must be left unaltered.
What about non-load bearing stud
At least 2/3rds of the width must be left unaltered.
A non- load bearing wall must have at least 40mm (1-9/16) of untouched material. Unless the weakens studs are suitably reinforced.
This rule is the same for drilling holes.
A bathroom wall differs from a regular interior in what notable ways
One wall in the bathroom is framed usually with 2x6 instead of 2x4
This wall is also commonly behind the toilet or vanity to accommodate plumbing and vent pipes
What are typical instances backing would need to be included when framing a bathroom
Many utilities require extra support such as wall mounted sinks, tubs,shower enclosures, and grab bars.
What is the difference between backing and blocking.
Backing is continuous and “let” into the studs, while blocking may be placed between the studs.
Before framing the bathroom what would need to be considered to avoid problems later.
The size of the tub and shower may be bigger than the door way. There for it is smart to get those in place before completing the walls
A low wall ventilation duct for either air return or other applications would require special framing. How would you for instance frame this out in a load bearing wall. Which exceeds one stud space.
Almost like a tinny door opening with a little trimmer and proper lintle above to distribute the loads.
Girts or girths are blocking installed between the studs to stiffen the wall. At what wall height do they become mandatory as not only reinforcement but also a fire stop
What framing type is this common
Studs over 3 meters require blocking in this manner and is common in a ballon framing.
Unfinished interior load bearing partitions require what additional framing at its midpoint to prevent sideways buckling of the studs
Girts/girths or strapping
Why would blocking be required
above a partition wall
Set at the same depth as the joists and Slightly offset so it hangs out into the opening.
(Weird wording. I’m sorry)
You would add this blocking to allow the ceiling drywall to have a solid surface to screw to on the edges.
When does ceiling framing take place
Once all walls have been erected, straightened and braced.
In what ways are ceiling framing different from floor framing.
They’re similar in alot of ways but they use smaller dimensional joists and no header is required at the outside ends of the joist.
What is the primary structural purpose of ceiling framing.
To tie the exterior walls together and help resist the outward pressure exerted by the roof rafters. The ceiling frame also carries the dead load of the attic insulation and ceiling finishing material such as drywall.
How are the ceiling joists fastened.
They’re placed and toe nailed directly on top of the cap plate using a minimum of two 82mm (3-1/4) long nails. The joists are also nailed to the the sides of the rafters after they’re installed.
Ceiling joists are cut lower than the rafters by 10mm. Why is this good practice.
As the length of a board shrinks the least amount. If it was cut flush to the rafters, over time it would poke through your roof sheathing.
Why do roof rafters run in the same direction as the joists.
It’s the shortest span usually. Which makes for a stronger building. This also makes the layouts easier for both.
What is layed out first. Your roof rafters or your ceiling joists.
The rafters location is usually determined first and the ceiling joists are laid out to accommodate the rafters. This helps to have rafters fall directly on top of studs which transfers loads more directly.
The ceiling joists are placed beside the rafters.
What are the two ways in which ceiling joists can meet at the bearing wall
They can be butted with a cleat to fasten them together. Or they can be lapped with a block in between and nailed to one another.
When laying out a ceiling which have lapped joists over the interior bearing wall what changes from the layout of butted joists.
The lay out is the same. But the difference is which side of your line the joist will be fastened on.
When joists are lapped but the roof rafters are to be placed directly opposite each other. What is added to your lapped joists joint over the bearing wall.
A block is added between the joists the same thickness of the rafters. This will allow the rafters to meet directly opposite each other when fastened to the joists.
(I know it’s hard to get a mental picture. If your books are the same as mine. Look to your ceiling framing module 020201C page 7 top paragraph)
If you want to use thicker insulation in your ceiling while using the same demension of ceiling joists. What would you do?
Leave the ceiling joists square and nail a cap plate on top of it along the exterior walls. Your rafters can be cut normally and placed on top of this to allow more space for insulation.
What is a stub joist
A short joist that runs 90 degrees to the regular joists. They are needed on lower sloped hip roofs to ensure that the hip rafters and ceiling joists do not interfere with each other.
If an opening in a ceiling is wider than one joist space. Such as for attic access, skylights, or chimneys. What is required?
Add a header to help form the opening. And if the space exceeds two spaces. The ceiling joists need to be doubled to accommodate the extra loads.
What are flushed beams used for? And how do they work
They’re used in open areas of a building where there is no bearing wall to support the ceiling joists and where the span would be too great.
The joists are butted into the side of the beam, rather than rested on top. This keeps the bottoms of all the joists at the same elevation to provide a flush ceiling.
What additional ceiling framing member helps ceiling joists maintain proper on centre spacing while stiffening them to reduce deflection.
Ribbons and strong backs provide joist restraint
Ribbons are lengths of 1x4 lumber that help restrain the ceiling joists from twisting. How are they installed.
They’re nailed to the top of the joists running 90 degrees to them and are normally placed at mid-span.
This helps keep your spacing consistent aswell.
Strong backs are used the same as ribbons. What sets them apart?
They’re made by nailing two lengths of 38mm thick lumber usually 2x4 placed on a flat and a 2x6 on edge nailed to it to form an L shape. They’re installed in the same manner as ribbons but with the on edge dimensional lumber have greater strength vertical loads applied to the joists
Partition walls must also be fastened to ceiling joists. How is this done properly
Walls that run at 90 degrees to the joist should be nailed to every joist. Partitions that are parallel to the ceiling joists must be fastened to the joist or blocking if required every 16”.
When framing a ceiling it’s important to keep track of what utilities will be fastened to the ceiling and where. How come?
Backing may be needed for light fixtures. Or even cabinets in some circumstances.
It’s always to your befit to think of what comes after and how your framing can accommodate other trades.
The ceiling you’re framing has knee/dwarf walls or struts to help support the roof load and increase the span of the rafters. These components sit directly on top of your ceiling joists. What must be done to these joists to ensure they Can handle this extra load?
Ceiling joists which are used to help carry roof loads should be a minimum of 25mm (1”) greater then the joists that do not.
Once again. What is the minimum size of an attic access in meters squared
.32 meters squared with no demension less than 500mm
How tall can structural metal stud framed buildings be
Up to five storeys tall
What are the benefits of metal stud framing.
Metal stud framing offers many opportunities for saving in material costs, structural requirements and construction time. Metal stud walls are easily insulated for energy conservation, are non-combustible for fire rated construction and accommodate almost any exterior or interior facing and are well suited for pre assembly into panels.
Who can design load bearing steel stud construction?
A qualified engineer
There are several advantages of light weight steel framing. What are they?
Steel doesn’t shrink, rot or warp
Insect infestation is not a problem
Prices are stable
Materials are readily available
Flexibility in design also provides material savings
Uniform quality avoids costly call backs
There are concerns that metal studs contribute more thermal bridging than wood studs. A relatively high insulation value can be achieved through certain assembly practices. What are a few of those practices
Insulating sheathing can be installed. Foam covered steel studs create walls that are as thermally efficient as wood stud walls
Expanded channel steel studs have less depth or narrower flange surfaces and effectively improve performance
Walls that are constructed with a double row of smaller metal studs that are connected by foam or wood are more effective, but more expensive
But more research is needed in the development of energy efficient and cost effective metal frame wall systems
What are load bearing metal framing components made of?
Hot dipped galvanized steel in gauges of 20,18,16 and, 14
What are non load bearing steel framing systems made of ?
Galvanized steel in gauges 25,22 and, 20 and are available in various sizes for wall thickness
The runners in steel stud framing should be at what gauge?
They should be the same gauge or heavier as the studs.
What are the ways metal tracks can be attached by fasteners.
Explosive actuated tools, nails, screws, construction adhesive, and even hook and loop tape for demountable partitions.
For metal framing. Runners are required to be attached to the building approximately how far from the ends?
How for on center for interior
How far in center for exterior
What size fastener?
50mm (1-3/16) from there ends
600mm (24”) on center for interior walls
And 300 (12”) on center for exterior walls
The system must be attached with fasteners that are the equivalent of 63mm (2-1/2) nails or 25mm (1”) screws.
How would you accommodate your top track in a metal framing system to fit nicely to arched ceiling.
Slicing the flange and web will allow the tracks to flex to accommodate any required radius.
How would you accommodate your top and bottom track in a metal framing system to create a curved wall.
A manually operated track bender allows you to crimp sections of your tracks web creating any radius you may need
How would you fasten non- load bearing studs to the track?
What about load bearing?
They can be screwed, crimped or welded if non load bearing
But if load bearing they must be screwed or welded
If a steel stud wall is fire rated. What changes in your fastening practices.
Fire rated walls requires that attachment occurs only between studs and bottom runner to allow clearance for expansion.
When laying out panels to be attached to steal studs. In which direction would you want to attach them?
Panels should be installed so that the leading edge is fastened to the open-faced side of the metal studs first. This allows you to fasten the edge of the adjacent panel to a stud that has been made solid.
This minimized the risk of twisting a stud creating un even panel edges.
When steel stud framing doors or windows.
What length would you want your steel track to be if acting as the lintel or sill of an opening.
(Hint. The shoe)
You would make it 300mm (12”) longer than the rough opening so the flange can be cut about 150mm (6”) in on each end. Then bent at a 90 degree angle.
This creates what is called the shoe which wraps around the trimmers on both sides and can be fastened securely to them.
The cripples then can be placed easily .
(Picture in “interior systems and door frames Part A -020303aA- page 11 top paragraph.)
What would you uses for lateral bracing if steel stud framing?
Bridging which is made of a U shaped Chanel can be run through the regular knock out spaces and held in place by an angled clip. This clip can then be screwed or welded.
Steel framing can be bad for sound transfer between rooms. What is commonly used to help combat this problem.
Resilient channels can be installed. They create a space between the studs and wall covering and act as a “shock” absorber to minimize sound waves traveling through the wall.
Reliant channels are installed facing up. (Just a little extra tip I guess)
What is the minimum penetration required for a screw going through steel stud frames.
10mm (3/8”)
What is dry walled first in a room.
The ceiling and soffit boards should be applied before wall boards.
How for away from dry wall edges should a screw be placed
10mm (3/8”)
What are the different window types or designs
There are 9. Give it a go
Sliders
Awning
Casement
Hopper
Double and single hung
Fixed or picture
Bay window
Bow window
Skylight
Where are your “setting blocks” placed when setting the sash of a window.
Quarter points
What is the purpose of setting blocks in a window
They support the glazing and allow it to expand and contract. They’re installed with a little space between the sash and the glazing around the entire perimeter to allow for this without putting pressure on glass edges
How many setting blocks are used for any sealed unit of glass on the bottom.
Two. At quarter points
Bedroom windows require an unobstructed opening of how big?
An area of no less then 0.35 meters squared. With no dimension less then 380mm (15”)
Where a bedroom opens into a window well how much room must be provided to allow egress
760mm (30”)
How much clearance should a rough opening allow a window on all sides
10mm (3/8”)
Before you install a window what must be installed around the outside edge of the opening.
150 to 200mm (6-8”) strip of air/moisture barrier like tyvek building paper must be stapled around the edge of the opening.
This must be installed smooth and flat as wrinkles or folds will prevent the window from finishing tight to the wall causing future problems with interior and exterior finishes.
What type of window would you recommend to a customer who wants wood interior finishes but doesn’t like the maintenance required.
A wood window frame with aluminum or Vinyl casing on the exterior. And nice wood finishes in the inside. This is the best of both worlds
How would you determine the top casing length when trimming a typical opening.
Measure the space between the side jams or frame and add approximately 3mm-5mm (1/8-3-16) to each ends. This accommodates the reveal.
This measurement gets your inside to inside miter measurement of your top casing.
I’ve seen this on a red seal exam.
It’s weird and I’d never do it like this on a job but this is exactly what the module says
What type of door is most used for exterior residential applications?
Steel clad insulated doors
If a steel insulated door is used in an opening that is in direct sunlight. What should be considered when choosing a finish.
Door should not be finished with a dark colour as the heat absorbed can cause the door to warp and separate the interior parts of the door.
What type of door is constructed with corrugated cardboard or ribs of solid wood.
The core of a hollow core door uses corrugated cardboard or ribs of solid wood.
What type of door has great insulating and security rating and is usually embossed with a wood grain pattern to look like a wood door when finished
Composite doors
What would be used to provide a weather tight seal at the bottom of a door.
A Threshold would be used
What would be added to the operating door of a double door set to provide an air seal between them and provide protection from break ins. It also acts as an edge of support like a door stop for the operating door.
An astragal is used for this purpose.
When ordering a window that is
760mm by 430mm which is the width and which is the height
The first number is the width and the second number is the height.
When determining the swing of the door. What determines if it’s Left hand or right hand.
The side the hing is the best indication. If the hinges are on the left it’s a left hand door. If it swings towards you it’s a left hand reverse.
If a door is fire rated. What must be considered when painting that door
Do not paint over the label.
What type of handle would you want for a barrier free door.
A lever is better than a knob as it is easier to turn while maintaining a grip.
Large pulls and push plates are also great aswell as a kick plate.
What is the main safety purpose of door closers
Door closers are designed to automatically close the door behind you to prevent the spread of fire or harmful gases. In residential for example. The door between a garage and a house should have either spring loaded hinges or a closer to stop exhaust fumes from entering the dwelling.
What are screen or storm doors usually attached to.
Brick molding
If you have a raw door slab. How would you determine the inside and outside of the door before it is hung.
The architectural drawings will
Show the swing of the door. And the bevel determines how the door will sit in the opening.
When hinging a door. What side of the bevel would the knuckle of the hinge fall on.
The heigh side of the bevel is where the knuckle of the hinge would be. This allows the door to swing freely while still keeping the doors margins tight in the opening. The gaps on the inside of the door are concealed by the door stops.
What’s the first thing you should do before installing an exterior door.
Check the rough opening size to avoid surprises while lifting a beast into place.
Also trim any over hanging shearing flush with the edges to avoid them interfering.
The bottom plate may have to be cut at this time also.
What should a rough opening size be for an exterior door?
The door frame size width plus 20mm (3/4)
And door frame size height plus 10-12mm (3/8-1/2)
Similar to windows what must be added to the exterior door opening to provide a continuous air and moisture barrier.
150-200mm (6-8”) of tyvek or something like that must stapled around the outside edges of the opening. It must be kept flat to the wall surface to make sure the door can be installed tight to the wall surface.
What is the exterior trim called that is attached an exterior door frame
Brick mold. And it is for fastening the frame to the wall. It may have to be pre drilled to allow fastening. But most come with holes already.
What nails should be used for brick mold that’s different from metal or vinyl flanges.
They’re longer. 83mm(3 1/2) instead of 38mm (1-1/2)
They are also hot dipped galvanized.
Where the threshold of an exterior door will sit what should be done before installing to the subfloor.
At least two beads of caulking should be applied to the subfloor in the door opening where the threshold should sit. This seals against moisture and air infiltration.
Before applying caulking to to the subfloor in an exterior door opening. What should you check?
You want it level and can do this by adding a continuous and tapered wood block rather than shims to make sure it’s supported properly.
When installing a keyed handle in an exterior door. why would you want the key teeth to go in facing up.
This stops the moisture the gets into the lock not to freeze and damage the pins.
How much higher should a dead bolt be from the door handle
150mm (6”)
Where should shims be placed on a door frame when installing it
Behind all the hinges and behind the strike. Minimum 3 points if contact per side and more if needed. For an 8’ door which typically have 4 hinges it’s the same rule but with a minimum of 4 per side.
How flush should your hinges be inset into the door.
Almost flush with the door with less than 1mm of the hinge protruding.
What’s the different between roof joists and ceiling joists
Roof joists are used in flat roofs and are required to support heavier loads than ceiling joists.
How far should look out joists project inside the walls.
At least how far they project outside the walls
Why is the last roof joists doubled up in flat roof framing?
To support the look out joists
What is a parapet and how does it effect roof construction.
A parapet is a short wall built around the perimeter of the building.
If a building had a parapet the roof must be sloped towards drains to carry away collected water.
What is a shed roof
A roof with only one sloping surface. Also called lean-to roofs
How many birds mouths would a shed roof need?
Two. One for she shorter wall and one for the taller wall
In a gambrel roof. If the steep slope is 2/1 what would shallow slope be?
1/2 gambrel roofs are designed where the rise and run would switch places to meet each other at the ridge
How many hip rafters would a mansard roof have?
- It also have 8 sloping surfaces and is kinda like a hip roof for a gambrel roof
What roof system is a combination of a hip and gable roof
Dutch hip roof
What’s the main difference between the common rafter and the gable rafter
The gable rafter is located at the ends of the building (not the roof) directly over the gable. It’s cut the same as the common rafter but then notched for the rake and lookouts or dropped to allow the look out to be placed on edge and extend over it.
What is a rake rafter.
Also called the barge or fly rafter. This rafter is beyond the gable and and is the end of the roof. It is supported by the ridge and the facia and doesn’t come in contact with the exterior walls.
What is the theoretical measuring line.
It is an imaginary line that runs parallel to the edge of the rafter. It intersects the corner of the birds mouth and extends to the working point of the ridge.
In plain English.
It’s what the roof would look like if it was made of string. And makes math easier. The hard part is making it back into 2x4s
That wasn’t as plain as I wanted to. Sorry
If you’re asked to find the rafter line length. What would you give them?
The calculated length of the rafter from the working point (centre if ridge) to the birds mouth plumb cut
If you’re asked to find the total line length what would you give them
The calculated length of the rafter from the working point (centre if ridge) to the end of your overhang or projection.
They will try to trick you with this on the test
What is a cornice and what is its purpose?
A cornice is the assembly of rough framing and finish material at the ends of the rafters.
Cornice serves a few purposes such as
- creating an architectural look or style.
- protecting the walls from weather
- can help provide ventilation to the attic
- provide a location for fastening eaves trough.
Where would you find a closed cornice
On roofs with no rafter overhangs. The ends of the rafters are finished with a strip called frieze board which makes a transition for the exterior wall finish to the shingles.
What type of cornice is closed off underneath with soffit.
There are three. Box cornice and sloping box cornice which have a soffit material attached underneath to provide attic ventilation
And a flat box cornice which is the most common system.
