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Oral Boards > One Liners for medical conditions > Flashcards

One Liners for medical conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis

A

Viral disease causing inflammatory mediated processes with associated liver damage

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2
Q

Hepatitis A

A

RNA virus that leads to acute hepatitis and is self limiting

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3
Q

Hepatitis B

A

DNA virus that leads to acute hepatitis with 20% leading to cirrhosis

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4
Q

Hepatitis C

A

RNA virus that leads to acute hepatitis with 20% leading to cirrhosis

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5
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis leading to liver failure. Generally caused by hepatitis, alcoholism, and fatty liver disease.

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6
Q

Hypertension

A

Persistently elevated arterial blood pressure of 130/80 or higher in adults with 2 elevated readings on 2 or more visits.

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries due to lipid accumulation within the arterial wall

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8
Q

Ischemic heart disease

A

Disease secondary to stenotic coronary arteries leading to ischemic oxygen supply and demand imbalance

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9
Q

Angina

A

Transient chest discomfort due either a partially occlusive thrombus or fixed atherosclerotic plaque causing ischemic oxygen supply and demand imbalance

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10
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

Disease process secondary to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque with formation of thrombus within coronary vessel

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11
Q

NSTEMI

A

partially occlusive thrombus resulting in subendocardial infarction

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12
Q

STEMI

A

Occlusive thrombus causing transmural infarct

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13
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body

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14
Q

Mitral Valve Stenosis

A

decrease in size of mitral valve resulting in decreased blood flow across valve during diastole and increased atrial pressures and volume

Avoid excessive fluids
Avoid trendelenberg and manage tachycardia aggressively
Avoid ketamine due to heart rate effects
Control blood pressure to decrease afterload

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15
Q

Mitral regurgitation

A

Increase in size of mitral valve orifice resulting in back flow of blood across the valve during systole

Maintain normal to slightly elevated heart rate, bradycardia may results in volume overload.

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16
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

Prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets into the left atrium during systole

If regurgitation noted, treat the same as MR

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17
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A

Decrease in aortic valve area resulting in obstruction of blood flow into the aorta and increased left ventricular pressures

Prevention of hypotension and preserve CO. Avoid ketamine (increases HR) and propofol (decreases systemic vascular resistance)

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18
Q

Aortic Regurgitation

A

Disease of aortic leaflets resulting in backflow of blood across the aortic valve into the left ventricle during diastole

Heart rate above 80
Avoid bradycardia to decrease diastole period
Avoid increases in SVR

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19
Q

Tricuspid Regurgitation

A

Dilation resulting in backflow of blood across the valve into the right atrium during systole

NO2 can cause pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and increase regurgitation

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20
Q

Tricuspid Stenosis

A

decrease in size of tricuspid valve orifice resulting in decreased blood flow across the valve and increased right atrial pressure

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21
Q

Pulmonary regurgitation

A

Annular dilation of the pulmonic valve resulting in backflow of blood across the valve into the right ventricle during diastole

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22
Q

Pulmonic stenosis

A

Decrease in pulmonic valve area resulting in obstruction of blood flow into the pulmonary arteries and increased right ventricular pressures

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23
Q

Afterload

A

amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation

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24
Q

Preload

A

the stretch of myocardium or end-diastolic volume of the ventricles and most frequently refers to the volume in a ventricle just before the start of systole

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25
Q

FEV1/FVC

A

Forced experatory volume in 1 second / forced vital capacity. Normal value is 80%.

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26
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic obstructive disease with bronchiolar inflammation and hyperresponsiveness that displays reversible, variable, and recurrent airway obstruction

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27
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive disease resulting in altered chloride and water transport which causes increased chloride concentration and increased levels of mucous build up

Proper work up with pulmonologist
Later in day for mucous to clear
No ketamine due to increased secretions
B-agonist recommended

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28
Q

COPD

A

irreversible disease that causes airway obstruction by either chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.
Emphysema - enlargement of airway due to destruction of walls distal to bronchioles
Bronchitis- chronic hypersecretion of mucus in bronchi causing increased resistance to airflow

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29
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Acute, partial, or complete obstruction in the pulmonary arterial vasculature leading to a ventilation perfusion mismatch

30
Q

Acute renal failure/Acute Kidney Injury

A

Loss of renal function over hours to days resulting in disturbances in fluid, electolytes, acid base homeostasis

Diagnosis based on serum creatinine increase by more than 0.5 mg/dL and reduction of GFR of 50%

31
Q

Chronic Renal Disease/Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Permanent renal insufficiency that develops over months to years caused by structural intrinsic damage of the glomerulus or tubulointerstitial system resulting in irreversible damage

32
Q

Anemia

A

Decrease in red blood cells leading to less oxygen carrying capacity and delivery to end organs

33
Q

Leukemia

A

Disease of mesenchymal cells of blood where there is abnormal proliferation or increased lifespan of myeloid or lymphoid cells

34
Q

Hemophilia

A

X-Linked recessive bleeding disorder types A and B resulting from Factor 8 or 9 gene mutations

35
Q

Von Willebrands Disease

A

Congenital Platelet bleeding disorder due to deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrands factor (vWF). vWF responsible for mediating platelet adhesion to endothelium and prevention of Factor VIII degradation

36
Q

Antithrombin III Deficiency

A

Inherited deficiency of antithrombin III leading to increased risk for recurrent thrombosis

37
Q

Protein C Deficiency

A

Qualitative or quantitative deficiency in protein C which inhibits blood coagulation by inactivation of factor V, and XIII causing prothrombotic state

38
Q

Factor V Leiden

A

Hereditary gene mutation resulting in resistance to activated protein C, due to gene mutation of factor V

39
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignancy of lymphocytes that usually arise in lymph nodes. Two main types (Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins)

40
Q

Hodgkins Lymphoma

A

Characterized by presence of reed-sternberg malignant cells. These will not be present in Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

41
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Malignancy characterized by neoplastic transformation of plasma cells resulting in osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia, osteopenia, pathological fractures

42
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Multisystem chronic inflammatory disorder due to autoantibody production causing immune mediated tissue damage

43
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by inflammatory polyarthritis with progressive destruction to joint, bone, and articular cartilage

44
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Painful degenerative process involving progressive deterioration of articular cartilage and remodeling of subchondral bone that is not primarily inflammatory

45
Q

Obesity

A

Abnormally high amount of adipose tissue compared with lean muscle with excess body weight over predicted ideal body weight

Kg/m2. Anyone with BMI greater than 30

46
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Most common neuromuscular disease. X-Linked recessive pattern causing dystrophin gene mutation and necrosis of muscle fibers

47
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder affecting postsynaptic neuromuscular transmission of ACH receptor due to autoantibodies. Causes weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles with improvement with rest

48
Q

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

A

Group of inherited diseases that result from defect in synthesis or structure of fibrillar collagen leading to changes in skin, tendons, blood vessels, and viscera.

49
Q

Marfans Syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder affecting cardiac, skeletal, and ocular tissues.

50
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid gland is overactive and exposes body tissues to excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

Most common causes are multinodular goiter and Graves disease

51
Q

Graves Disease

A

Autoimmune condition resulting in hyperstimulation of TSH receptors from autoantibodies

52
Q

Hypthyroidism

A

Thyroid gland has decreased production of thyroid hormone resulting in inadequate circulating levels of T4 or T3 or both.

53
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune process leading to destruction of thyroid gland causing decrease in thyroid hormone production despite normal levels of TSH

54
Q

Diabetes Mellitis

A

Metabolic disorder resulting in a defect in insulin secretion, action, or both, resulting in hyperglycemia

55
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

Secondary to insulin shortage resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and anion gap metabolic acidosis.

56
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Excessive free plasma glucocorticoids causing buffalo hump, weight gain, obesity, striae, cognitive dysfunction

57
Q

Addisons Disease

A

Autoimmune disease characterized by insufficient adrenocortical synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

58
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Primary cause is adenoma or enlargement of one of the four parathyroid glands which overproduces PTH causing imbalance in calcium hemostasis

59
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disease of the upper and lower motor neurons due to degeneration of lateral corticospinal tracts eventually leading to muscle failure

60
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Neurodegenerative disease characterized by classic triad of bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor caused by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons

61
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of cortical neurons and formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Causes deficiency in ACH transmission

62
Q

Seizure/Epilepsy

A

Seizure caused by sudden onset of abnormal, highly synchronous discharges of neurons. Epilepsy is chronic disorder defined as recurrent seizures resulting from congenital or acquired factors in the cerebral cortex

63
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

Also known as a stroke, sudden onset of neurological deficits that occurs secondary to cerebral ischemia or cerebral hemorrhage

64
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain that may include stroke-like symptoms

65
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Decrease in bicarbonate

66
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Primary increase in bicarbonate

67
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Primary increase in PaC02 caused by reduced ventilation

68
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Primary decrease in PaC02 caused by hyperventilation

69
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

A

Adverse drug reaction producing excess serotonergic effects of the CNS

70
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Pregnancy induced condition due to abnormal placental implantation. Hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation or postpartum

71
Q

Eclampsia

A

Severe preeclampsia characterized by seizures or coma without any other brain pathology

72
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus. RNA retrovirus that infects CD4 cells that causes varying levels of immunosuppression with possible progression to AIDS

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