One health Flashcards
What is considered an emerging zoonoses? (5)
New agent Old A w/ new virulence Old A newly released New sp. or area Re-emerge
What are some theoretical drivers for the emergence of Hendra virus?
Pathogen - Genetic changes (drift/shift), change in transmission
Host - location and immune ability change (travel, population grow, older, ill, new exposure) or human-animal interaction.
Environmental - habitat change/sharing, climate change, biodiversity.
Describe how environmental changes can cause an increase in certain disease prevalence, use lyme disease as an example.
climate change –> more white-footed mice which are great carriers for Ixodid ticks.
More white-footed mice –> more ticks –> increased risk of human interaction with ticks
**US decided to cull deer but it would have been more effective to kill mice (but harder to do).
Is there an apparent connection with population density and emergence of EIDs?
Yes, more highly populated areas seem to have an increased occurrence of EIDs.
What are the joint goals of One health initiative? (6)
Education Communication Surveillance Comparative med and environment research New diagnostics/med/Vx Political lobbying.
What is the importance of veterinarians in One health?
To fulfil the holistic approach; heard health, including agriculture and environment.
What is the goal of ‘Agroecosystems health’?
Sustainable systems Maintain habitats and biodiversity (including water systems) Atmospheric protection (dust, odours GHGs).
What is meant by the term ‘food security’?
Having enough food for everyone
What is the main Marine biosecurity risk?
What regulations have been instilled to prevent this?
Ships’ ballast water.
Now ships must empty ballast water out at sea not in dock.
What is the purpose of ‘US National Academies of Science’?
Prevent the use of biohazards being used in an inappropriate/malicious manner.
What is the definition of ‘Dual Use Research of Concern’? (DURC)
When there is legitimate scientific use to researching a potentially dangerous bio material that can also be misused.
i.e. we are learning what makes something highly virulent therefore we know how to make something more virulent.
What is the purpose of laboratory biosafety?
How is it achieved?
To reduce the risk of people being exposed.
Achieved with PPE, lab designs (pathogen can’t get out easily) and practices.
What is the purpose of clinical biosafety?
How is it achieved?
Stop people having access to pathogens.
Achieved with clinic set-up (ICU, ID units, etc), aseptic techniques, decontamination procedures and hand hygiene.
Define: Biohazard
What are example of biohazards?
Any bio substance that can cause harm to humans, animals or environment (including trade/production).
e.g. pests, infectious Dz, chemicals.
Define: Biosafety
Safe handling and containment of biohazards
* Mainly refers to labs.
Define: Biocontainment
Physical and operational mechanisms to prevent the release/exposure of biohazards.
Define: Biorisk
Risk assessment of probability and how much damage the biohazard could do.
What are the 5 areas in society that benefit from biosecurity?
Animal and human health and welfare
Ecology
Environment
Societal
What are some issues associated with a biohazard affecting the environment?
Cause spp. loss and extinctions, can cause secondary impacts like human health, livestock and sociological.
e.g. fungal disease (chytridiomycosis) –> frog population decrease and extinctions –> affect animals that eat those frogs, alter human culture to stop eating certain frogs as fungal infected frogs make people sick.
What are some societal impacts associated with biohazards?
Think corona! Shops less customers --> less \$\$ Social events cancelled Education alterations Depression being stuck in house
What was the purpose of developing Woodward commission?
To prevent meat substitution (horse not beef) into exported meat.
Increased surveillance/inspections, created a certificate for export and increased fines.
What was the purpose of developing the Nairn Review?
What concept does it encompass?
Developed to prevent societal exposure to biohazards from food companies or the government.
Concept of ‘Continuum of Quarantine’, ie looking at pre-border, border and post-border. shared responsibility between the government, industry and public.
What was the purpose of developing the Beale Review?
In response to equine influenza, it is an extension to the Nairn review.
What are some pre-border quarantine surveillance examples?
Greater interaction with trading partners
What are some post-border quarantine surveillance examples?
Early detection Surveillance (abattoir) Proof of freedom Reporting Risk factor analysis
