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College Physics I > One-Dimensional Kinematics (Ch. 2.1 - 2.7) > Flashcards

One-Dimensional Kinematics (Ch. 2.1 - 2.7) Flashcards

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1
Q

mechanics

A
  • the study of objects in motion
  • includes kinematics and kinetics
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2
Q

kinematics

A
  • describes how objects move and predicts the objects’ motion
  • approaches problems with the kinematic equations
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3
Q

kinematic variables

A
  • distance (d)
  • displacement (x)
  • speed (s)
  • velocity (v)
  • acceleration (a)
  • time (T)
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4
Q

scalar quantity

A
  • magnitude only
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5
Q

vector quantity

A
  • magnitude AND direction
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6
Q

distance (d)

A
  • the total length of travel
  • always positive
  • scalar quantity
  • SI units: meter (m)
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7
Q

displacement (x)

A
  • the net change in position
  • positive, negative, or zero
  • vector quantity
  • SI units: meter (m)

ΔX = Xf - Xi

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8
Q

distance vs. displacement

A
  • d is scalar and x is vector
  • different magnitude if there is a change in direction
  • x can be zero while d has magnitude if start and stop at the same point
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9
Q

speed (s)

A
  • the rate of change of the distance
  • always positive
  • scalar
  • SI units: m/s

s = d/Δt

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10
Q

velocity (v)

A
  • the rate of displacement
  • positive or negative
  • vector quantity
  • SI units: m/s

Vav = Δx/ Δt

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11
Q

speed vs. velocity

A
  • the magnitude of both will only be different if the distance and displacement are different
  • if the object changes direction, the magnitude of the speed and velocity will be different
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12
Q

average velocity vs instantaneous velocity

A
  • average velocity: the rate of change of the displacement over a period of time
  • instantaneous velocity: the change in the position at an instant of time
  • the average v = the instantaneous v if the velocity is constant
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13
Q

acceleration (a)

A
  • the rate of change of velocity
  • positive or negative (indicates the direction of a)
  • vector
  • SI units: m/s2

Vav = Δx/ Δt

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14
Q

average acceleration vs instantaneous velocity

A
  • if the acceleration is constant, the average acceleration is equal to the instantaneous acceleration
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15
Q

the sign of acceleration

A
  • indicates direction of acceleration
    • ​the direction of acceleration is determined by the sign from the change in velocity, not by the direction an object is moving in
  • acceleration does not have to point in the same direction as the velocity
  • a negative acceleration does not necessarily mean the object is slowing down; it just means the acceleration is pointing in the negative direction
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16
Q

velocity vs. acceleration

A
  • when the velocity and acceleration of an object have the same sign (point in the same direction), the speed of the object increases.
  • when the velocity and acceleration of an object have opposite signs (point in opposite directions), the speed of the object decreases
17
Q

the relationship of speed to velocity and acceleration

A
  • increases when velocity and acceleration have the same sign (direction)
  • decrease when velocity and acceleration have the opposite sign (direction)
18
Q

graphing relationships of velocity

A
  • the slope of a position vs time graph = velocity

m = Δx / Δt = V

19
Q

graphing relationships of acceleration

A
  • the slope of the velocity vs. time graph = acceleration

m = Δv / Δt = a

20
Q

graphs of constant position

A
  • the slope of a position vs time graph is 0, as it is constant
  • therefore, v = 0 and a = 0
21
Q

graphs of constant velocity

A
  • the position vs time graph displays a slope, indicating a change in position
  • the slope of the velocity vs time graph is zero, indicating a constant velocity
  • therefore, a = 0
22
Q

graphs of constant acceleration

A
  • both the position vs time graph and the velocity vs time graph indicate changes in position and velocity
  • therefore the slope of a is zero, and it has a constant acceleration
23
Q

position vs time graph

A
  • a graphical representation of velocity
  • the average velocity is the slope of the straight line connecting two points corresponding to a given time interval
  • the instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent line (the straight line that just touches the curve) at a given instant of time
  • with constant velocity, the average velocity over any time interval is equal to the instantaneous velocity at any time
24
Q

velocity vs. time graph

A
  • a graphical representation of acceleration
  • the average acceleration is the slope of the straight line connecting two points corresponding to a given time interval
  • the instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent line (the straight line that just touches the curve) at a given instant of time
  • with constant acceleration, the average velocity over any time interval is equal to the instantaneous velocity at any time
25
Q

Kinematic equations

A
26
Q

free fall

A
  • an object only under the influence of gravity (air resistance is negligible)
27
Q

acceleration in free fall

A
  • ALL objects experience a downwards acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 regardless of mass
  • At EVERY point of the object’s travel, the acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 downwards
    • “at every second, add 9.8 m/s velocity in the negative direction”
28
Q

velocity and acceleration at the top of an object’s free fall

A
  • the velocity = 0
  • the acceleration = 9.8 m/s2 downwards
29
Q

the velocity of the object as it travels up

the velocity of the object as it travels down

A
  • the object slows down as it moves up, as a and v are in opposite directions
  • the object speeds up as it moves down, as a and v are in the same direction
30
Q

the magnitude of velocity at the same heights

A
  • at the same height, the velocity up and the velocity down have the same magnitude but opposite directions

College Physics I (6 decks)

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