one

Question 1

仁

Answer 1

rén

s. v., to be fully human; to be benevolent = Having a disposition to do good.
n. , humaneness; benevolence

renr
　

Question 2

愛

Answer 2

(爱) ài t.v., to love

Question 3

人

Answer 3

rén n., others, other people

renr

Question 4

知

Answer 4

zhī
t.v., to know, to understand, to appreciate;

zhì

n. , wisdom;
s. v., to be wise

(N.B.: When it is a noun or a stative verb 知 is pronounced zhì, but when it is a transitive verb 知 is pronounced zhī.)

Question 5

者

Answer 5

zhě g.p. (follows a verbal phrase, transforming it into a nominal phrase describing the subject of the verbal phrase: “those who. . .” or “that which. . .”)

zhee

Question 6

安

Answer 6

ān

n. , peace, safety;
t. v., to regard as peaceful

dus: transitive verb

Question 7

利

Answer 7

lì

n. , profit, benefit;
t. v., to treat as profitable, to treat as beneficia

lih

Question 8

樂

Answer 8

樂 (乐) lè t.v., to delight in (look under yuè in Kroll, p. 578)

leh

Kroll:

yueh

1 music, glee; usually paired in Ruist texts with 禮 lii, ritual or ceremonial form, as the two basic activities of social coordination.

a. musician, gleeman
b. instruments(s) for making music

leh

1. merry, blithe; delighted; gleeful; (en)joy(ment); take pleasure in; delight in.

luoh

1. bn. 樂託

Question 9

水

Answer 9

shuǐ n., water; n., rivers

Question 10

山

Answer 10

shān n., mountains

Question 11

讀音

Answer 11

dúyīn

For example, 知 is normally a transitive verb (“to know”). In this sense, it is read zhī. But if it is either a noun (“wisdom”) or stative verb (“to be wise”), it is read zhì. This is called a 讀音 dúyīn, “reading pronunciation,” because such pronunciations are normally only used by scholars when reading Literary Chinese, not in vernacular speaking or reading.

A situation that seems similar but is importantly different is when one character has two distinct pronunciations and meanings in Modern Chinese (and not just when reading Literary Chinese). For example, 樂 is ambiguous in both Literary and Modern Chinese. In this lesson, 樂 is read lè, and means “joy” or “to take joy in.” But 樂 can also be read yuè and means “music.”4 One ancient Chinese text makes use of this ambiguity for a visual pun: 樂樂也. Can you see what this means?5

Question 12

相

Answer 12

相 xiāng adv., to each other [veel meer in Kroll!]

Question 13

習 + simplified

Answer 13

習 习 xí n., practices

Question 14

性

Answer 14

性 xìng n., nature (as in “human nature” or “the natures of humans”)

Question 15

近

Answer 15

近 jìn s.v., to be close

Question 16

遠 + simplified

Answer 16

遠 - 远 yuǎn s.v., to be far

Question 17

也

Answer 17

也 yě g.p. (comes at end of sentences to mark nominal sentences; often indicates a generalization)