One Flashcards
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BASIC DEFINITIONS
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3
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Environment
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omanism
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Constitutes physical (water
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air)
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org anism or a group of organisms.
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All onganisms depend on the envioment to cary out their natural life processes and meet their phy sical requirements
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(food
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energy
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Ecology
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The term “ecology” was coincd by the German zoologist
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Emst Hacckel
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• Branch of biology dealing with the study of relations of organisms to one another (energy flow and mineral cycling) and
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their physical surroundings (environment)
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Studies individuals
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organisms
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org anisation).
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PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY
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Adaptation
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ariation
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Speciation
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Mutation
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Natural
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Selection
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componcnt constituting the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors to shapc the habitat and ccosystem of an
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Evolution
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Extinction
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Dodo
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Species
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Passenger Pigeon
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Appearancbehaviour/structure/mode of life of an onganisn that allows it to survive in a particular
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environment. Types:
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Tasmanian Tiger
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(Thylacine)
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Great Auk
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Pyrenean Ibex
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Steller's Sea Cow
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Morphological e.g.
the Fennc fox living in the desert has large cars (allows heat radiation from the
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body to allow its cooling); mammals from colder climates generally have shorter cars and limbs to
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minimise heat loss. (This is called Allen's Rule.)
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Golden Toad
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Physio logical eg.
venomous animals produce poison to catch their prey
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Behavioural - Hibemation as a winter survival technique. E.g
the phenomenon of hibemation observed
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in bats
bears and rodentg
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UPSC 2014]
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Changes in genetice makeup due to the addition or deletion of specific genes. Eg: difference in the
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colour of skin
and type of hair among different ethnic groups.
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Category
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Mutations
changes in climate
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Adaptive radiation: Process in which orgmisms diversify fom n ancestral species into new forms
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nder new environmental challenges or new environmental niches.
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Mammals
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Process of ormation of new species.
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A species comprises many populations. Often
different populations remain isolated due to geographie
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burricrs.
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Over a period
geographic isolation lecads to speciation
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speciation.
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Notable Extinct Species and Their Causes of Extinction
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Smpatrie specation: New species develop spontancously (maybe due to different food sources) despite
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Here's a table of species that went ex tinct along with the reasons behind their extinction and the timeline:
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Baiji (Yangtze River
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Dolphin)
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P
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nanges in genette materialthat result from an error in DNAreplication
causing the rise of new genes.
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Proposed by Darwin and Wallace
it is a pocess by which species adapt to their environment.
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a result
members of the same species show "variation" and are not identical.
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An evolutio nary foree that selects among variations
ie. genes that help the organism to have better
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chances of surviving
Teaching reproductive age and passing on suitable adaptations to their progeny.
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The process by which living organisms change over time through changes in the genome.
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May
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e to new species and make the organism better suitable for the present environment through
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I selection
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Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace: Theory of Evolution in 1859
This theory has been extended in
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light of progress in genetics and is known as Neo-Darwinism.
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Caribbean Monk Seal
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Hnta Island Tortoise
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The complete disappearance of a species from Earth primarily due to environmental changes
biological
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competition or inability to evolve fast enough to oope with the changing environment.
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Curently
the óth Mass Extinction (Anthropogenic Extinction – human-induced) is in progress
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exacerbated by mankind's over-exploitation/misuse of natural resources
frag mentationloss of natural
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habitats
destruction of ecosystems
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UPSC 2018]
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eciation: Ney
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1681
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Extinction Year
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1914
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1936
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terialthatr
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1844
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2006 (functionally
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extinct)
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2000
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1768
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1952
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1989
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Species Showing Hibernation
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2012 (death
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Lonesome
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George" )
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Species
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Habitat
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Mauritius (forests)
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North America (forests)
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Tasania (grasslands
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forests)
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Yangtze River
China
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North Atlantic Ocean
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Pyrences Mountains
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Spain
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North Pacific (coastal
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waters)
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Caribbean Sea
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Galápagos Islands
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Bears (eg.
Black Bear
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Cause of Extinction
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Bats (e.g. Little Brown Bat
Big Brown Bat)
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Ground Squimels (cg
Arctic Ground Squirrel)
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Hedgehogs (e.g.
Euopean Hedgehog)
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Marsupials (e.g
Mountain Pygmy Possum)
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Overhunting by humans and predation by
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introduced species (e.g
rats
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Mass hunting and habitat destruction due to
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deforestation
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Hunting by humans
habitat loss
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competition with introduced species like dogs
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Habitat degradation due to dam construction
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pollution
and overfishing
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Overhunting for feathers
meat
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habitat exploitation by humans
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Overhunting
habitat loss
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with domestic livestock
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Costa Rica (cloud forests) Climate change
habitat loss
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infections (chytridiomycosis)
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Overhunting for meat and fat by humans
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shortly after its discover
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Overhunting and habitat degradation due to
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human activities
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Habitat destruction
hunting
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introduced species (c.g.
gaats
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Notable Features
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Slight decrease in body temperature; metabolic rate slows
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ignificantly
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Enter torpor; conserve enengy during food-scarce winters.
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Body temperature drops to ncarfreczing levels
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Heart rate and body temperature drop significantly.
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Hibernate for months in alpine regions of Australia.
