Oncology Part 1 Flashcards
What are the two most prevalent cancers?
breast and prostate cancer
What are the two most lethal cancers?
lung/bronchus and colon/rectum cancer
neoplasm
a benign or malignant new growth
tumor
a lump or swelling
cancer
any malignant neoplasm
hyperplasia
an increase in organ or tissue size due to an increase in the number of cells
metaplasia
an adaptive, substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue
dysplasia
an abnormal cellular proliferation in which there is a loss of normal architecture
anaplasia
a loss of structural differentiation
What is the main characteristic of malignant tumors?
invasion of surrounding tissue(s)
carcinoma
malignant neoplasm of squamous epithelial cell origin
adenocarcinoma
malignant neoplasm derived from glandular tissue
sarcoma
malignant neoplasm with origin in mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives
lymphoma/leukemia
malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic tissues
melanoma
a type of cancer of pigment-producing cells in the skin or eye
blastoma
malignant neoplasm in precursor cells
teratoma
a germ cell neoplasm made of several different differentiated cell/tissue types
How are lymphomas related to leukemias?
Lymphomas are a type of leukemia.
stage 0 cancer
in situ carcinoma; no sign of local invasion
stage I cancer
microscopic invasion of surrounding tissue
stage II cancer
4-9 surrounding lymph nodes involved
stage III cancer
≥10 surrounding lymph nodes involved
stage IV cancer
distant metastases detected
What is the general pathological staging of carcinomas based on?
-tumor size
-location
-number
What type of tumor gets staged?
solid tumors
Is there a direct correlation between staging and risk of mortality?
No
TX
primary tumor cannot be evaluated
T0
no evidence of primary tumor
Tis
carcinoma in situ
T1, T2, T3, T4
size and/or extent of invasion of primary tumor
NX
regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
N0
no regional lymph node involvement
N1, N2, N3
degree of regional lymph node involvement
MX
distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
M0
no distant metastasis
M1
distant metastasis present
in situ
abnormal cells are present only in layer of cells in which they developed
localized
cancer is limited to organ in which it began without evidence of spread
regional
cancer has spread beyond primary tumor site to nearby lymph nodes/tissues and organs
distant
cancer has spread from primary tumor site to distant tissues/organs/lymph nodes
GX
tumor grade cannot be assessed
G1
well differentiated (low grade)
G2
moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3
poorly differentiated (high grade)
G4
undifferentiated (high grade)
cancer characteristics
-uncontrolled cellular growth
-tissue invasion
-metastasis
hallmarks of cancer
-sustaining proliferative signaling
-avoiding immune destruction
-enabling replicative immortality
-activating invasion and metastasis
-inducing or accessing vasculature
-genome instability and mutation
-resisting cell death
oncogene
a gene capable of causing cancer
proto-oncogene
any gene in a healthy cell capable of promoting tumor growth when mutated or overcopied
olaparib drug class
PARP inhibitor
olaparib indication
cancer with BRCA 1/2 mutation(s)
olaparib mechanism of action
prevents PARP from uncoupling from DNA
PARP inhibitors
-rucaparib
-niraparib
-talazoparib
-veliparib
G0 phase
cell cycle arrest
G1 phase
cellular contents duplicated
S phase
chromosomes are duplicated
G2 phase
cell checks for errors and makes necessary repairs
mitosis
cell division
What drug classes target the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
-kinase inhibitors
-hormone inhibitors
What drug classes target the S phase of the cell cycle?
-antimetabolites
-antifolates
-topoisomerase I inhibitors
What drug class targets the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
topoisomerase II inhibitors
What drug class targets the M phase of the cell cycle?
microtubule inhibitors
What drug classes are DNA damaging agents and non-cell cycle specific?
-alkylating agents
-intercalators
Which genes are tumor suppressors?
-p53
-p16
-Rbl
Which gene is an oncogene?
Ras
palbociclib drug class
CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor
palbociclib indication
cancer with BRCA 1/2 mutation(s)
What phase of the cell cycle is CDK4/6 a checkpoint for?
G1 phase
What are altered drug metabolism mechanisms for drug resistance?
-increased transport of drugs out of cell through efflux pumps
-reduced transport into cell
-decreased activation of prodrug
-increased detoxification of drug molecule
What are changes in drug target or function for drug resistance?
-increased expression of drug target through gene amplification or expression
-emergence of mutant structurally altered target
-emergence of cells bearing alterations in genes whose products are functionally redundant with drug target
What cancers are hormonal therapies used for?
-breast cancer
-prostate cancer
-endometrial cancer
What is the most active estrogen?
estradiol
Are well-differentiated tumors more likely to be ER- or ER+?
ER+
What is the most active testosterone?
dihydrotestosterone
What enzyme converts androgens to estrogens?
aromatase (CYP19)
What type of breast cancer is most differentiated?
luminal A breast cancer
What type of breast cancer is most undifferentiated?
claudin-low breast cancer
Is tamoxifen a prodrug?
Yes
