Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of tumour

A

Abnormal swelling - it is a cardinal feature of inflammation

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2
Q

Definition of neoplasms

A

A lesion which results from autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed.

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3
Q

What are four features of neoplasms

A
  1. Autonomous
  2. Abnormal
  3. Persistant
  4. A new growth
  5. Derived from nucleated cells
  6. Usually monoclonal
  7. Growth pattern is related to the parent cell
  8. Synthetic activity is related to parent cell (secretes same hormones, collagen etc).
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4
Q

What percentage of UK deaths are due to neoplasms?

A

20%

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5
Q

Highest prevalent cancers in males and females respectively:

A

Males - prostate, lung, bowel

Females - breast, lung, bowel

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6
Q

Cancers most likely to kill males and females respectively:

A

Males - lung, prostate, bowel

Females - lung, breast, bowel

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7
Q

Why do some fast growing tumours have necrotic tissue within the centre of them?

A

The tumour grows at a faster rate than the tumour angiogenesis process so some tissue is left without blood supply and becomes necrotic.

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8
Q

How can neoplasms be classified?

A
  1. Behavioural (benign, borderline, malignant)

2. Histogenetic

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9
Q

Three features of benign neoplasms

A
  1. Localised and non-invasive
  2. Slow growth rate
  3. Low mitotic activity
  4. Close resemblance to normal tissue
  5. Circumscribed or encapsulated
  6. Normal nucleus
  7. Necrosis and ulceration is rare
  8. Growth on mucosal surface
  9. Exophytic (grow outwards as they cant invade tissue)
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10
Q

How do benign neoplasms cause morbidity or mortality?

A
  • Pressure on adjacent structures
  • Obstruct blood flow
  • Obstruct bowel
  • Produce hormones
  • Can transform into malignant neoplasms
  • Cause anxiety
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11
Q

Three features of malignant neoplasms

A
  1. Always invasive
  2. Can be metastatic
  3. Rapid growth rate
  4. Variable resemblance to normal tissue
  5. Poor/irregularly defined border
  6. Hyperchromatic nuclei
  7. Pleomorphic nuclei
  8. Increased mitotic activity
  9. Necrosis and ulceration is common
  10. Endophytic
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12
Q

How do malignant neoplasms cause morbidity or mortality?

A
  • Encroach and destroy surrounding tissue
  • Destruction of adjacent structures
  • Metastases cause damage to other areas of the body
  • Blood loss through ulceration
  • Obstruction of structures/blood flow/bowel
  • Hormone production
  • Paraneoplastic effects
  • Anxiety and pain
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13
Q

Define papilloma

A

Benign tumour of non-glandular or non-secretory epithelium e.g. squamous cell papilloma

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14
Q

Define adenoma

A

Benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium e.g. thyroid adenoma

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15
Q

Define carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells e.g. transitional cell carcinoma

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16
Q

Define lipoma

A

Benign tumour of adipocytes

17
Q

Define chondroma

A

Benign tumour of cartilage

18
Q

Define osteoma

A

Benign tumour of bone

19
Q

Define angioma

A

Benign tumour of vasculature

20
Q

Define rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumour of striated/skeletal muscle

21
Q

Define leiomyoma

A

Benign tumour of smooth muscle

22
Q

Define liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of adipocytes

23
Q

Define chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of cartilage

24
Q

Define osteosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of bone

25
Q

Define angiosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of vasculature

26
Q

Define rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of striated/skeletal muscle

27
Q

Define leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of smooth muscle

28
Q

Are granulomas, mycetomas and tuberculomas neoplasms?

A

No.
Granuloma - mass of granulation tissue in response to infection
Mycetoma - ball of fungus within the body cavity
Tuberculoma - clinical manifestation of tuberculosis

29
Q

Define melanoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

30
Q

Define mesothelioma

A

Malignant neoplasm of mesothelial cells

31
Q

Define lymphoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue

32
Q

Give three exceptions to the naming rules for tumours

A
  1. Melanoma
  2. Mesothelioma
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Teratoma
  5. Blastoma
  6. Mixed tumours
  7. Carcinosarcoma
  8. APUDomas
  9. Tuberculoma
  10. Granuloma
  11. Mycetoma
  12. Burkitt’s lymphoma
  13. Edwing’s sarcoma
  14. Grawitz tumour
  15. Kaposi’s sarcoma
33
Q

What is the difference between carcinogenic and oncogenic?

A

Carcinogenic - cancer causing

Oncogenic - tumour causing

34
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations. The term only applies for malignant neoplasms.

35
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Agents known or suspected to cause tumours.

36
Q

What percentage of cancer risk is environmental?

A

85%

37
Q

What is the first and second most common causes of cancer?

A

Smoking

Obesity

38
Q

What are the 5 types of carcinogens?

A
  1. Chemical - some chemicals act directly as carcinogens, some are metabolised in the body from procarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens
  2. Viral - hepatitis B/C
  3. Ionising and non-ionising radiation - UV light
  4. Hormones, parasites, mycotoxins - oestrogen can cause mammary and endometrial cancer. Steroids are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, Chlonorchis sinensis is associated with cholangiocarcinoma (parasite and bile duct cancer)
  5. Miscellaneous - asbestos ans metals
39
Q

What are some host factors which affect our cancer risk?

A
  • Race
  • Diet
  • Constitutional factors (age, gender)
  • Premalignant lesions (colonic polyps, cervical dysplasia, ulcerative colitis, undescended testis)
  • Transplacental exposure