Oncology

Question 1

Hypertrophy

Answer 1

Growth in size

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Growth in number

Question 3

Cellular responses to DNA mutation

Answer 3

• apoptosis
• cellular repair back to normal
• no change; cell undergoes mitosis therefore passing mutation on to daughter cell —> cancer

Question 4

Porto-oncogenes

Answer 4

Normal cell genes that promote normal cell processes

Question 5

Oncogenes

Answer 5

Mutated cell genes

Question 6

Benign cells: differentiation

Answer 6

Good- specific differentiated functions

Question 7

Benign cells: growth

Answer 7

Continuous but orderly

Question 8

Benign cells: migration

Answer 8

None

Question 9

Benign cells: chromosomes

Answer 9

Normal

Question 10

Malignant cells: differentiation

Answer 10

Poor; specific functions lost

Question 11

Malignant cells: growth

Answer 11

Rapid/continuous

Question 12

Malignant cells: migration

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Malignant cells: chromosomes

Answer 13

Abnormal

Question 14

Carcinomas: origin

Answer 14

Epithelial tissue

Question 15

Adenocarcinoma : origin

Answer 15

Gland or organ

Question 16

Sarcoma : origin

Answer 16

Mesenchymal tissue (bones and soft tissues)

Question 17

Leukemia : origin

Answer 17

Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 18

Myeloma : origin

Answer 18

Plasma cells

Question 19

Lymphoma : origin

Answer 19

Lymph tissue

Question 20

Stage I cancer

Answer 20

• cancer cells confined to 1 region
• only 1 lymph node involved
• asymptomatic

Question 21

Stage II cancer

Answer 21

2 lymph node regions on same side of diaphragm

Question 22

Stage III cancer

Answer 22

Lymph nodes or organs on both sides of diaphragm involved

Question 23

Stage IV cancer

Answer 23

Cancer spread to multiple areas or organs
OR
Spread to distant lymph node
OR
Spread to bone marrow