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CLINICAL CORRELATES IM PLAT > ONCOLOGY > Flashcards

ONCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER RELATED TO SMOKING AND ALCOHOL, ARISING IN THE MIDDLE 1/3

A

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

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2
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER RELATED TO ACID REFLUX AND BARETT’S ESOPHAGUS ARISING IN TTHE DISTAL 1/3

A

ADENOCARCINOMA

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3
Q

INITIAL SYMPTOMS OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER IN MAJORITY OF PATIENTS

A

ROGRESSIVE DYSPHAGIA AND WEIGHT LOSS

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4
Q

THRESHOLD OF DYSPHAGIA

A

> 60% OF ESOPHAGEAL CIRCUMFERENCE IS INFILTRATED

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5
Q

TYPE OF GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA WITH LOSS OF CELL COHESION DEV3LOPING THROUGHOUT TH3 STOMACH RESULTING TO LOSS OF DISTENSIBITIY (LINITIS PLASTICA OR LEATHER BOTTLE APPEARANCE)

A

DIFFUSE TYPE

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6
Q

TYPE OF GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA FREQUENTLY ULCERATIVE AND INVOLVING THE ANTRUM AND LESSER CURVATURE

A

INTESTINAL TYPE

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7
Q

GASTRIC CANCER METASTATIC TO THE OVARY

A

KRUKENBERG TUMOR

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8
Q

GASTRIC CANCER METASTATIC TO HTE PERIUMBILICAL REGION

A

SISTER MARY JOSEPH NODES

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9
Q

GASTRIC CANCER METASTATIC TO THE SUPRACLAVICULAR LYMPH NODES

A

VIRCHOW NODES

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10
Q

MOST COMMON SITE FOR HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD OF GASTRIC CANCER

A

LIVER

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11
Q

ONLY CHANCE OF CURE FOR GASTRIC CANCER

A

COMPLETE SURGICAL REMOVAL OF TUMOR AND RESECTION OF ADJACENT LYMPH NODES

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12
Q

MOST FREQUENT SITE OF EXTRA-NODAL LYMPHOMA

A

STOMACH

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13
Q

PRIMARY TREATMENT OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA

A

ERADICATION OF H.PYLORI AS LONG IT HAS NOT TRANSFORMED INTO DLBCL

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14
Q

THREE DATES IN A WOMAN’S LIFE WITH MAJOR IMPACT OF BREAST CANCER RISK

A

AGE OF MENARCHE
FIRST FULL TERM PREGNANCY
AGE AT MENOPAUSE

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15
Q

BEST TIME FOR BREAST EXMAINATION

A

DAYS 5-6 OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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16
Q

MOST IMPORTANT PROGNOSTIC VARIABLE IN BREAST CANCER

A

TUMOR STAGE

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17
Q

HORMONAL TREATMENT FOR BREAT CANCER WHICH INCREASES THE RISK OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER

A

SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS (SERM)

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18
Q

TREATMENT THAT INCREASES BREAST CANCER RISK BUT DECREASES OVARIAN AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCER RISK

A

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS

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19
Q

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DIRECTED AGAINST THE ERB/HER2-NEU RECEPTOR USED FOR BREAST CANCERS

A

TRASTUZUMAB

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20
Q

METHOD USED TO ASSESS HORMONAL AND HER-2 STATUS OF BREAST CARCINOMAS

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) WITH ER, PR AND HER-2/NEU

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21
Q

USUALLY DONE IF IHC FOR HER-2 IS EQUIVOCAL TO ASCERTAIN HER-2 POSITIVITY

A

FISH

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22
Q

MAJORITY OF LUNG TUMORS ARE

A

CARCINOMAS

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23
Q

PRIMARY CAUSE OF LUNG CANCER WORLDWIDE

A

SMOKING

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24
Q

MOST COMMON HISTOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER OVERALL
MOST PREVALENT TYPE OF LUNG CANCER AMONG WOMEN
YOUND ADULTS AND NON-SMOKERS PRESENTING PERIPHERALLY

A

ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE LUNG

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25
Q

RESULTS FROM LOCAL EXTENSION OF TUMOR GROWING INN THE APEX INVOLVING C8 AND T1-T2 NERVE ROOTS WITH SHOULDER PAIN RADIATING TO THE ULNAR DISTRIBUTION AND HORNER’S SYNDROME

A

PANCOAST SYNDROME OR SUPERIOR SULCUS TUMOR

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26
Q

MOST COMMON LIFE THREATENING METABOLIC COMPLICATION OF MALIGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CANCER OF THE LUNG

A

HYPERCALCEMIA FROM ECTOPIC PTH/PTH-RELATED PROTEIN PRODUCTION

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27
Q

PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

A

SIADH, CUSHING’S SYNDROME. LAMBERT EATON SYNDROME

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28
Q

TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR EARLY (STAGE 1 OR 2) NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

A

SURGICAL RESECTION

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29
Q

TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

A

CHEMOTHERAPY

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30
Q

MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE

A

LUNG CA

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31
Q

2ND MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE

A

BREAST CA

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32
Q

CHARACTERISTIC OF COLONIC POLYPS MOST ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANCY

A

SIZE (>4CM) (SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT) , VILLOUS ARCHITECTURE, HIGH-HGRADE DYSPLASIA

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33
Q

MULTIPLE POLYPS IN THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES WITH OSTEOMAS, FIBROMAS ADN CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM

A

GARDNER’S SYNDROME

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34
Q

FAMILIAL AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT CONDITION WITH MULTIPLE POLYPSS (POLYPOSIS COLI)

A

FAP (FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS)

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35
Q

MULTIPLE POLYPS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE WITH BRAIN TUMORS (MEDULLOBLASTOMA AND GLIOBLASTOMA )

A

TURCOT’S SYNDROME

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36
Q

MULTIPLE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINAL POLYPS (HAMARTOMATOUS/JUVENILE), MUCOCUTANEOUS PIGMENTATION, TUMORS OF THE OVARY, BREAST AND PANCREAS

A

PETUZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME

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37
Q

HEREDITARY AUTOSMAL DOMINANT PREDISPOSITION TO COLON, OVARIAN AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCERS CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN DNA MISMATCH REPAIR

A

HEREDITARY NONPOLPOSIS COLON CANCER (LYNCH SYNDROME)

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38
Q

Most effective class of agents to reduce the risk of colon adenomas and carcinomas

A

Aspirin and NSAIDs

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39
Q

Usually non-obstructive discovered late with iron deficiency anemia

A

Right-sided colon cancers

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40
Q

Usually with obstructive symptoms and apple-core or napkin ring deformity on barium studies

A

Left- sided colon cancers - descending colon

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41
Q

Hematochezia, tenesmus, narrowing of stool caliber

A

Rectosigmoid cancers

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42
Q

Most important prognostic factors in cooorectal carcinomas

A

Depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis

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43
Q

Most frequent visceral site of metastasis for colon cancer

A

Liver

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44
Q

Backbone chemotherapeutic agent for colon cancer and acts as a radiosensitizer for treatment of rectal cancer

A

5-fluorouracil (5-FU)

45
Q

Most common location of pancreatic cancer

A

Pancreatic head

46
Q

Most common environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer

A

Smoking

47
Q

Most common physical sign in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

A

hepatomegaly

48
Q

Candidates for resection of HCC

A

Non-cirrhotic or Child-Pugh A cirrhosis
Single lesion
No metastasis

49
Q

Variant of HCC associated with younger females, elevated blood neurtensis levels, no cirrhosis

A

Fibrolamellar HCC

50
Q

Most common benign liver tumor

A

Hemangioma

51
Q

Benign liver mass associated with contraceptive use, with variable potential for malignant change (depending on type) and risk of bleeding, Hypovascular lesion with no uptake on liver scan

A

Adenoma

52
Q

Benign liver mass with characteristic central scar, hyper vascular with dense capillary blush in angiography, with normal to increased uptake in liver scan

A

Focal modular hyperplasia

53
Q

Most useful diagnostic tool in differentiating between benign and malignant liver massages

A

Triphasic CT scan

54
Q

Mucin-producing Adenocarcinoma that arise from the bile ducts, majority of which are located in the hilar or central area

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

55
Q

Parasitic infection associated with cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonorchis sinensis

Opistorchis viverrini

56
Q

Modular Tumors arising at the bifurcation of the common bile duct

A

Klatskin tumors

57
Q

Adenocarcinoma arising within 2cm of the distal end of the common bile duct

A

Ampullae carcinoma

58
Q

Palpable gallbladder associated with obstructive biliary malignancy

A

Courvoisier’s sign

59
Q

Standard surgical procedure for pancreatic head and uncinate tumors

A

Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (modified whipple’s procedure)

60
Q

Lack of an endonuclease necessary for thymidine dimer repair > increased susceptibility to skin cancer of all types

A

Xerderma pigmentosum

61
Q

One or few small waxy semitransluscent nodules forming around central depression that may be ulcerated, crusted or bleeding, edge is rolled or pearly with rodent ulcer, rarely metastasises. Most common cancer in humans

A

Basal cell carcinoma

62
Q

Most common type of basal cell carcinoma

A

Classical or nodular type

63
Q

Most common site of basal cell carcinoma

A

Face/head and neck area

64
Q

Dome-shaped, elevated har infilitrating lesion (deeply nodular) may eventrually develop an ulcer, occurs on sun-exposed areas

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

65
Q

Major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

A

Chronic long term sun exposure

66
Q

Known precursor lesion of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

A

Actinic keratosis

67
Q

Most common type of melanoma

A

Superficial spreading

68
Q

Characteristics of a malignant lesion melanoma (versus benign Nevus)

A 
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variegation
Diameter >6mm
Change in the lesion
69
Q

Single greatest determinant of metastasis of melanoma

A

Depth of invasion (Breslin thickness)

70
Q

Single greatest risk factor for melanoma

A

Personal history of melanoma

71
Q

Most common type of melanoma in dark-skinned individuals and Asians

A

Acral lentiginous melanoma

72
Q

Single most important prognostic factor for melanoma

A

Regional lymph node metastasis

73
Q

Most important determinant of outcome in melanoma

A

Early excision

74
Q

Most composite of malignancy in the urinary tract

A

Urinary bladder

75
Q

Most common histology of bladder cancer

A

Urothelial

76
Q

Most common presentation of bladder, renal pelvis, and ureteric cancer

A

Painless hematuria

77
Q

Most moon environmental risk factor for bladder and renal cell carcinoma

A

Smoking

78
Q

Parasitic infection associated with urinary bladder infection

A

Schistosomiasis hamatobium

79
Q

Most common histopathologic type of renal carcinoma

A

Clear cell carcinoma

80
Q

Classic triad of renal cell carcinoma

A

Hematuria
Abdominal pain
Flank or abdominal mass

81
Q

Site were most prostate cancers develop

A

Peripheral zone

82
Q

Predominant therapy to reduce future risk of prostate cancer diagnosis

A

5-alpha reductive inhibitors (finasteride/dutasteride)

83
Q

Test to establish prostate cancer diagnosis

A

Transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsy

84
Q

Tumor marker: gestational trophoblast is disease; gonadal germ cell tumors

Found in pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gondotropin (hCG)

85
Q

Tumor marker: medullary thyroid carinoma

Found in acute/chronic renal failure; hypercalcemia; hypergastrinemia

A

Calcitonin

86
Q

Tumor marker: pheochromocytoma

Found in stress and CNS trauma

A

Catecholamines

87
Q

Tumor marker: hepatocellular carcinoma and Gondar germ cell tumors

Found in cirrhosis and hepatitis

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

88
Q

Tumor marker: Adenocarcinoma of colon, pancreas, lung, breast and ovary

Found in pancreatitis; hepatitis and IBD

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen

89
Q

Tumor marker: Prostate carcinoma

A

Prostatic acid phosphatase

90
Q

Tumor marker: Small cell carcinoma of lung; Neuroblastoma

Found in hemolysis, hepatic failure, ESRD

A

Neuron-specific Enolase (NSE)

91
Q

Tumor marker: Lymphoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, Dysgerminoma

Found in: hepatitis, haemolytic anemia; exudative pleural effusions

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

92
Q

Tumor marker:: Prostate carcinoma

A

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

93
Q

Tumor marker: Myeloma

A

Monoclonal immunoglobulins

94
Q

Tumor marker: ovarian carcinoma; some lymphomas

A

CA-125

95
Q

Tumor marker: pancreatic, gallbladder & biliary system (cholangiocarcinoma), colorectal cancer

A

CA 19-9

96
Q

Tumor marker: Breast carcinoma

Found in PID, Lactation and Pregnancy

A

CA 15-3, CA 27-29

97
Q

Tumor marker: Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

A

CD30

98
Q

Tumor marker: Hairy cell leukaemia; Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma

A

CD25

99
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:
Burkett and nasal T-cell lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, HHV-4)

100
Q

Oncologic pathogen:
Gastric carcinoma
Gastric MALT lymphoma

A

Helicobater pylori

101
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

102
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Marginal zone lymphoma of the spleen

A

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

103
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Kaposi’s sarcom
Squamous cell carcinoma of the urogenital tract

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

104
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:

Carcinoma of the cervix, penis, anus, vagina, vulva, tonsils, base of the tongue, oropharynx

A

High-risk papillomavirus (e.g. HPV-16)

105
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:

Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma

A

Human T-cell virus (HTLV-1)

106
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Multicentric Castleman disease

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, HHV-8)

107
Q

Oncologic pathogen:

Merkel cell carcinoma

A

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV, MCV)

108
Q

Oncologic Pathogen:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

A

Schistosomiasis

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