Oncology Flashcards
When can hyperplasia occur?
Presence of IGF 1 Setroid
cells that undergo pathologic hyperplasia are controlled by growth hormones, and cease to proliferate if such stimuli are removed
can be start of neoplasia (Cancer)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, also known as prostate enlargement.[8]
Cushing’s disease
Explain the following terms:
Hypoplasia
Aplasia
Agenesis
Atrophy
Involution
Hypoplasia - is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ
Aplasia - the failure of an organ or tissue to develop or to function normally.
Agenesis - refers to the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development due to the absence of primordial tissue
Atrophy - (of body tissue or an organ) waste away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution.
Involution - the shrinkage of an organ in old age or when inactive, e.g. of the uterus after childbirth
Explain:
Dystrophy
Ectopic
Polyp
a disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away.
in an abnormal place or position.
A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk, it is said to be pedunculated. If no stalk is present, it is said to be sessile. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, ear, sinus(es), urinary bladder, and uterus.
What is the difference between metaplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia? Provide examples of
the first two and discuss their relevance to clinical diagnosis.
Dysplasia is still a reversible process. However, once the transformation to neoplasia has been made, the process is not reversible
Metaplasia - Abnormal tissue change
Dysplasia - the presence of CELLS of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.
What are the features of neoplasia?
A neoplasm can be benign, potentially malignant, or malignant (cancer)
Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of tissue, and, when it also forms a mass, is commonly referred to as a tumor. This abnormal growth (neoplasia) usually but not always forms a mass
What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumour?
Benign can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant tumors are cancerous and are made up of cells that grow out of control. Cells in these tumours can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body
What do these mean:
Sessile
Annular
Papillary
Fungating
Sessile - fixed in one place; immobile
Ring shaped
Cancer, papillary: Cancer of a structure called the papilla or ampulla of Vater, .
A fungating lesion is a skin lesion that fungates, that is, becomes like a fungus in its appearance or growth rate. It is marked by ulcerations (breaks on the skin or surface of an organ) and necrosis (death of living tissue) and usually presents a foul odor
What is meant by ‘metastasis’? What are the routes by which it occurs?
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to new areas of the body (often by way of the lymph system or bloodstream). A metastatic cancer, or metastatic tumor, is one which has spread from the primary site of origin (where it started) into different area(s) of the body.
What are the features of tumour cells?
Rapidly divide The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and the nucleolus can become enlarged.
Explain:
Papilloma
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Adenocarcinoma
Lipoma
a small wart-like growth on the skin or on a mucous membrane, derived from the epidermis and usually benign.
a benign tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue.
a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs
a malignant tumour of connective or other non-epithelial tissue
a malignant tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue.
A lipoma is a benign tumor composed of adipose tissue (body fat).
. Explain the following terms:
Liposarcoma
Osteoma
Osteosarcoma
Chondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Liposarcoma is a cancer that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum. Liposarcoma is a rare type of cancer that bears a resemblance to fat cells when examined under a microscope. ..
An osteoma (plural: “osteomata”) is a new piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone, typically the skull. It is a benign tum
Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that produces immature bone. It is the most common type of cancer that arises in bones,
A chondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor, which is encapsulated with a lobular growing pattern
Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage. Chondrosarcoma is a member of a category of tumors of bone and soft tissue known as sarcomas. About 30% of skeletal system cancers are chondrosarcomas.
Explain the following terms:
Melanoma
Leukaemia
Carcinoma in situ
Teratoma
a tumour of melanin-forming cells, especially a malignant tumour associated with skin cancer.
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS), also known as in situ neoplasm, is a group of abnormal cells.
A teratoma is a tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of more than one germ layer. Although the teratoma may be monodermal or polydermal (originating from one or more germ layers), its cells may differentiate in ways suggesting other germ layers.
- Explain the following terms:
Blastoma APUDoma Carcinoid tumour Carcinomatosis Pre-malignant condition / Pre-malignant lesion
A blastoma is a type of cancer, more common in children, that is caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts. Examples are nephroblastoma, medulloblastoma and retinoblastoma.
In pathology, an apudoma is an endocrine tumour that arises from an APUD cell from structures such as the ampulla of Vater,.
A carcinoid tumour is a rare cancer of the neuroendocrine system – the body system that produces hormones. The tumour usually grows in the bowels or appendix, but it can also be found in the stomach, pancreas, lung, breast, kidney, ovaries or testicles. It tends to grow very slowly.
the widespread dissemination of carcinoma in the body.
Premalignant lesions are morphologically atypical tissue which appears abnormal under microscopic examination, and in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart
Examples of premalignant conditions include: actinic keratosis. Barrett’s esophagus. atrophic gastritis
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
(1) Cancer cells stimulate their own growth (Self-sufficiency in growth signals);
(2) They resist inhibitory signals that might otherwise stop their growth (Insensitivity to anti-growth signals);
(3) They resist their programmed cell death (Evading apoptosis); (
4) They can multiply indefinitely (Limitless replicative potential)
(5) They stimulate the growth of blood vessels to supply nutrients to tumors (Sustained angiogenesis);
6) They invade local tissue and spread to distant sites (Tissue invasion and metastasis).
Examples of Cancer caused by radiation? Hormones? Infectious organisms?
Ionising radiation damages cells causing mutations
Hormones trigger cell proliferation and random genetic errors occur.
Oncoviruses can cause cancer
These include human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi’s Sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (hepatocellular carcinoma), and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (T-cell leukemias).
Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma.
