Oncology Flashcards
Solid tumors include sarcomas which arise from ________ tissues like bone, muscle, tendons and cartilage and carcinomas which arise from _______ tissues that _____ organs like lungs, liver, breast, colon and prostate. ______ are the most common type
Hematologic malignancies arise from _______ or lymphatic cells and include ______, _______ and ______.
______ is the term used to describe the travel of primary cancer to other sites in the body.
connective
epithelial
line
carcinomas
blood
lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas
Metastasis
Risk Factors
_____ is the #1 cause of ______ cancer
_______ + tobacco = co-carcinogenic
obesity contributes to _____% of cancer-related deaths
increased incidence of cancer in the __________
most important risk factor of cancer is ______
african americans have the _____ incidence of cancer
exposure to ___ radiation, carcinogens like _____, _____ and _____ fuel, chronic _____ can cause abnormal cells and uncontrolled growth
tobacco, preventable alcohol 20 immunosuppressed aging highest UV, asbestos soot, diesel, irritants
Primary Prevention includes no _______, exercise and good _____, maintain normal _____, limit/eliminate ______, vaccines like _____ and Hep ___, avoid _____ to known carcinogens
Secondary Prevention is the use of _______ to detect cancer early; women should do _____ breast self exams anytime from day ____ to _____ of their cycle; ______ clinical exams and _____ for women over age _____; colonoscopy for everyone at age _____ then every ____ years; testicular tumors grow _______ so men should do monthly ______, major age group for testicular cancer is ____ to _____
Tertiary Prevention focuses on ________ of long term care for example _____ groups and rehabilitation
smoking
nutrition, weight
alcohol, HPV, B, exposure
screening monthly 7, 12, annual mammograms, 40 50, 10 very fast TSE 15, 36
management
support
General S/S: CAUTION C: \_\_\_\_\_\_ in bowel/bladder habits A: a \_\_\_\_\_ that doesn't heal U: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bleeding/discharge T: \_\_\_\_\_\_ or lump in breast/elsewhere I: \_\_\_\_\_\_ or difficulty \_\_\_\_\_\_ O: \_\_\_\_\_\_ change in wart/mole N: \_\_\_\_ cough or hoarseness cancer can invade bone marrow, causing \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ unexplained weight \_\_\_\_\_, extreme wasting = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_ is an early sign with leukemia/lymphoma, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most frequently reported symptom, PAIN
change sore unusual thickening indigestion, swallowing obvious nagging anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
loss, cachexia
fever, fatigue
Diagnosis with blood tests will include CBC with _______ which shows the # of _____ types of ________–most concerned with ______; elevated liver _______: AST/ALT; _____ markers
Positive diagnostic studies: ____ x-ray, CT, _____, PET scan, bone marrow/tissue _____
differential
different, WBCs
neutrophils, enzymes
tumor
Chest, MRI, biopsy
Goals of Treatment
cure, control, ______
______ is when two therapies are used together like chemo and ______
neoadjuvant are _____-specific and one has to be done before the next like ______ and chemo
treatment based on recommendations for their _______, _____ of the cancer, client’s ______
TNM = size of ______, lymph _____ involvement, ________
Malignancy is graded __ to __ and means the _______ that cancer cells look like the cells they came from, the more ______ the cancer is
palliate adjuvant radiation time surgery diagnosis grade, wishes
tumor, node
metastasis
1, 3, less
aggressive
Four types of surgery: PDTR
_____, ______, _______, ______
post-op: mastectomy
bleeding–check dressings front and back d/t _______
drains: JP or _______
if lymph nodes were removed, avoid procedures on affected side for ________, including no ____, blouses with ____, cannot wear _____, no ____ or injections
promote development of _____ circulation by squeezing ________, wall _____, flex and extend _____
prevention, diagnosis, treatment, reconstruction
pooling
hemovac
lifetime, BP
elastic, watch, IV
collateral
tennis ball, climbing, elbow
Internal Radiation = _______, where the radiation is _______ the body and they are a _______ to others since they _______ radiation for a period of time
sealed = body fluids \_\_\_\_\_\_ radioactive unsealed = client and body \_\_\_\_\_\_ emit radiation
unsealed given ___ or PO and radioactive for ___ to ____ hours
nursing assignments should rotate ______, nurse should have only _____ client with implant in a shift, client is in a ______ room, _______ badge at all times, restrict ______: _____ minutes/day, stay ____ feet away, no visitors under age _____, no _____ visitors/nurses
Prevent dislodgment of implant by maintaining client on _____, decrease ____ in diet, prevent _____ distention
If implant gets dislodged: ______, _____, ______
They are _______ so can they sleep in same bed as another? __, they also should not use public _____, cannot go back to work _________, cannot share ________, flush toilet ______ times
brachytherapy
inside, hazard
emit
NOT
fluids
IV, 24-48
daily one private, dosimeter visitors, 30, 6 16, pregnant
bedrest, fiber, bladder
gloves, tongs, lead-lined container
immunosuppressed
NO, transport
immediately
utensils, 3
External radiation, client is ______ radioactive
S/S are _____ and ______ related
do not wash off ______, do not use _____ on the markings, protect site from ______/_____ exposure for ___ year
Expected side effects limited to ______ tissues: erythema, shedding, altered _____, #1 = _____, PANCYTOPENIA
NOT location, dose markings, lotion sunlight, UV one
exposed
taste, FATIGUE
Chemotherapy most often affects body systems where cells divide most ______, like ____, ______ and integument = _____ and ____
Handling precautions: ____ pair of chemo gloves, a chemo ___, goggles/mask if ______/_____ can occur
Dispose in _____ waste container/bag
chemo given IV via _____ they are _____ and can cause tissue ______ if it infiltrates; S/S of extravasation include pain, _____ and no ______ return; _____ with client receiving a vesicant, #1 thing to remember is ________; if chemo extravasates: ______ the infusion, use ____ packs for __________; chemo ____ be given orally, still wear ______
rapidly, blood, GI, skin, hair
two
gown, splash, inhalation
YELLOW
port, vesicants necrosis swelling, blood, stay prevention STOP, cold vasoconstriction, CAN gloves
Transplants: ___ cell and ____ marrow
complications include ____, _____ vs _____ disease
signs of rejection include _______ pain and other GI symptoms (cramps, N/V, diarrhea), ____ or other liver problems, _____ (tea-colored) urine, skin _______
stem, bone infection, graft, host abdominal jaundice dark, rash
Major Side Effects of Cancer/Treatment
Body Image: ______, ______, want them to look at incision, weight _____ and puffiness from ______ therapy or weight _____ can affect body image
Fatigue–provide adequate _____
Infection is #_____ cause of cancer-related ______
prevent infection with _____ room, _____ hands, have own _______ in room, limit ______ in room (nurses and visitors), change dressings/IV tubing _____, no fresh _____ or potted _____, avoid _____, don’t share _____, bathe warm, moist areas _____ daily, wash hands after ______ a pet or ______ hands, avoid ______ fruits and veg; watch for _____ increase in temp = ______
tell clients to go to hospital/clinic for oral temp of ______
monitor absolute ______ count–the #1 most important
alopecia, scars
gain, steroid
loss
rest
one, death private, wash supplies, people daily flowers, plants, crowds, utensils twice touching, shaking, fresh slight, sepsis 100.4 neutrophil
Neutropenia is a _______ in number of neutrophils which are ______ WBCs–ANC or _______ neutrophil count is the best way to asses for neutropenia
NADIR is the ____ point, neutrophils are the ________ defense in the body to protect from _______
_________ + infection = _______, septic shock, death
risk factors include very _____ and very _____, advanced _______ disease, malnourishment, B12 and ______ acid deficiencies, impaired _____ integrity, other diseases like _________, HIV/AIDS, COPD, ______, result of _________ treatments
Treat neutropenia with ________ and implement _______ precautions with VS every ___ hours, _____ room with door closed/sign posted, use of _________ soap, no _______ procedures (__ injections, ______ exam/meds, _______ catheters and ____ tubes), limit use of ______ due to toxicity to liver
decrease
mature absolute
lowest, first-line infection neutropenia, sepsis old, young metastatic folic, tissue DM, HF cancer
antibiotics neutropenic, 4, private antimicrobial invasive, IM, rectal indwelling, NG acetaminophen
DVT is the ________ leading cause of death in cancer clients–malignancy is a risk factor due to prolonged _______, surgery, use of a ______ line, tumor ______ on vessels or invasion of _______, certain chemo drugs
BIGGEST FEAR WITH DVT = _________
second
bedrest, central, compression
vessels
PULMONARY EMOBOLUS
Thrombocytopenia is a _________ in the number of ________ which are responsible for _______; risk factors include ______ disorders, hematological _________, _______ infections, anticoagulant use like _____, ______, ______, or _______, result of cancer ________
Bleeding assessment includes history, VS, SpO2, changes in _______, reporting _______, pupil _______, conjunctival _______, petechiae, eccyhmosis, purpra, oozing from _______/______ sites, bleeding from _______, ears, nose, mouth
Treatment is to give __________
NEVER WANT TO INFUSE _________ PLATELETS! THE ______ WILL REJECT THEM
decrease platelets, clotting bleeding, malignancies bacterial, aspirin clopidogrel, heparin, warfarin, treatments
LOC, headache, changes
hemorrhage
puncture, surgical
rectum
platelets
COLD
SPLEEN
