Oncology Flashcards by Charlotte Detalla

Hair loss

Alopecia

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Pattern of growth in which cells lack normal characteristics and differ in shape and organization (malignant)

Anaplasia

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Growth of new blood vessels that allow cancer cells to grow

angiogenesis

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Programmed cell death

Apoptosis

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Non cancerous, they grow but can’t spread

Benign

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Radiation theraphy through internal implants placed inside or adjacent tumor

Brachytherapy

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Abnormal cell proliferation (cells ignore growth-regulating signals in the surrounding environment)

Cancer

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Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells

Carcinogenesis

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Chemicals, physical factors, others that cause cancer

Carcinogens

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Use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction

Chemotherapy

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Identifies type or origination of tissue and their degree to which tumor cells retain the functional and structural chracteristics

Grading

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Immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against recipients tissue.
(undesirable response)

Graft-versus-host disease

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the donor immune cell response against malignancy (desirable response)

Graft-versus-tumor effect

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Spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to distant sites

Metastasis

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Inflammation of the lining of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract associated with cancelr therapies

Mucositis

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Suppression of the blood cell-prodicing function of the bone marrow

Myelosuppression

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Lowest point of WBC depression after therapy

Nadir

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Uncontrolled cell growth

Neoplasia

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Abnormally low absolute neutrophil count

Neutropenia

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Study of cancer

Oncology

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Relief of symptoms, promotion of comfort, and quality of life regardless of disease stage

Palliation

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Using advances in research,technology, and policies to develop individualized plans of care to prevent and treat disease

Precision medicine

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Use of ionizing radiation to kill malignant cells

Radiation therapy

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Determining extent of disease; tumor size and spread

Staging

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Inflammation of oral tissues; by chemotrapeutic agents and radiation therapy

Stomatitis

Cancer treatments that seek to minimize negative effects on healthy tissues by disrupting specific cancer cell functions (malignant transformation, metabolism, communication pathways, process for growth and metastasis, and genetic coding)

Targeted therapies

Decrease in the number of circulating platelets; potential for bleeding

Thrombocytopenia

Substance that can cause inflammation, damage, and neceosis with extavasation fromblood cells and contact with tissues

Vesicant

Increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ

Hyperplasia

Abnormal growth or development of cells/organs

Dysplasia

Conversion from one type of normal adult cell to another type of normal adult cell

Metaplasia

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

When injected into the patient, these agents serve as antigens that stimulate an immune response.

Nonspecific biologic response modifiers

This type of specificity allows MoAbs to destroy the cancer cells and spare normal cells.

Monoclonal Antibodies

enhance or suppress the production and functioning of components of the immune system, are used to treat cancer or the adverse effects.

Cytokines

The accidental leakage of intravenous (IV) fluids or medications from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues

extravasation

When normal cells are exposed to dofferent carcinogens - Dna of cell is damage - Mutation stage

Initiation

Cell proliferates; increase in number

Promotion

Requires the ability to stimulate angiogenesis

Progression

If we have damaged DNA, we can repair it in:

Initiation or programmed cell death

Produce toxic effects by altering DNA structure

Chemical agents (carcinogenic)

Causes cellular damage

Physical agents

2 forms of radiation that causes CA

1. UV radiation-Sun 2. Ionizing radiation

(type of radiation) Causes changes in DNA structure leading to malignant transformation

UV-radiation Sun

Causes permanent DNA mutation when exposure is excessive

Ionizing radiation

Promotes tumor growth

Drugs and Hormones

Most lethal carcinogen

Tobacco smoke

Pathophysiology of Cancer

Cancer develops when genetic mutations alter the DNA of a cell, leading to abnormal behavior. The mutated cell forms a clone that proliferates uncontrollably, bypassing normal regulatory mechanisms. These cells evade growth controls and continue to multiply due to abnormalities in signal transduction processes, ultimately leading to cancer development.

Growth of cancer at the Cellular level

Tumor supressing gene Cells proliferate DNA repair Mutation of proto-oncogene Inactivation of more tumor suppressor genes Cancer

Diferrentiat benign to malignant

1. Cell characteristics 2. Mode of growth 3. Rate of growth 4. Metastasis 5. General eefects 6. Tissue destruction 7. Ability to cause death

CAUTION UP meaning

...

Reducing risks in healthy individual (immunization, changes in lifestyle)

Primary prevention

Early detection and screening

Secondary prevention

Screening for second malignancies from survivors

Tertiary prevention

Examples of second malignancies

Leukemia and lymphoma

Tumor cells are withdrawn from the tumor with needle and syringe

Needle biopsy

Small sample biopsy

Insicional biopsy

Removes all the tumor; entire sample

Excisional biopsy

Direct biopsy through endoscopy of the area

Endoscpic biopsy

Goals of therapy

CCPP Cure Control Palliation Prophylaxis

Complete eradication of CA cells

Cure

Prolonged survival and containment of CA cell growth

Control

Relief of symptoms

Palliation

Provide treatment when non tumor is detectablebut client is known to be at risk

Prophylaxis

Origin is at glandular tissue (breast, prostate)

Adenocarcinoma

Origin is at embryonic tissue

Embryonal

Meaning of TNM

...

Cancer cells penetrate blood vessels and circulate until trapped

Vascular system

CA penetrate the lymphatic system

Lyhatic system

CA implant into a body organ

Implantation

Primary tumor sloughs off tumor cells into a body cavity

Seeding

Primary tumor sloughs off tumor cells into a body cavity

Seeding

Local cure of CA

Primary

Adjuvant

Before and after surgery to aid in destruction of CA cells

Usually administered by high energy machines containing radioisotope

External radiation (teletherapy)

Placement of specially prepared radioscopes directly or near tumor

Internal radiation (brachyterapy)

Types of brachyterapy

Sealed source (delivers high dose of radiation to a localized area) Unsealed source (intracavity; applicator, interstitial; sodium phosphate)

Others; systemic IV, oral ex thyroid

Surface radiation

Utilizes solid radioactive materials used implants

Interstitial therapy

Inserted into cavity (ex vaginam cervix)

Intracavitary therapy