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Ncm112 Midterms > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Hair loss

A

Alopecia

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2
Q

Pattern of growth in which cells lack normal characteristics and differ in shape and organization (malignant)

A

Anaplasia

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3
Q

Growth of new blood vessels that allow cancer cells to grow

A

angiogenesis

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4
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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5
Q

Non cancerous, they grow but can’t spread

A

Benign

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6
Q

Radiation theraphy through internal implants placed inside or adjacent tumor

A

Brachytherapy

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7
Q

Abnormal cell proliferation (cells ignore growth-regulating signals in the surrounding environment)

A

Cancer

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8
Q

Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells

A

Carcinogenesis

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9
Q

Chemicals, physical factors, others that cause cancer

A

Carcinogens

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10
Q

Use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction

A

Chemotherapy

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11
Q

Identifies type or origination of tissue and their degree to which tumor cells retain the functional and structural chracteristics

A

Grading

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12
Q

Immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against recipients tissue.
(undesirable response)

A

Graft-versus-host disease

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13
Q

the donor immune cell response against malignancy (desirable response)

A

Graft-versus-tumor effect

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14
Q

Spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to distant sites

A

Metastasis

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15
Q

Inflammation of the lining of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract associated with cancelr therapies

A

Mucositis

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16
Q

Suppression of the blood cell-prodicing function of the bone marrow

A

Myelosuppression

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17
Q

Lowest point of WBC depression after therapy

A

Nadir

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18
Q

Uncontrolled cell growth

A

Neoplasia

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19
Q

Abnormally low absolute neutrophil count

A

Neutropenia

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20
Q

Study of cancer

A

Oncology

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21
Q

Relief of symptoms, promotion of comfort, and quality of life regardless of disease stage

A

Palliation

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22
Q

Using advances in research,technology, and policies to develop individualized plans of care to prevent and treat disease

A

Precision medicine

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23
Q

Use of ionizing radiation to kill malignant cells

A

Radiation therapy

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24
Q

Determining extent of disease; tumor size and spread

A

Staging

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25
Q

Inflammation of oral tissues; by chemotrapeutic agents and radiation therapy

A

Stomatitis

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26
Q

Cancer treatments that seek to minimize negative effects on healthy tissues by disrupting specific cancer cell functions (malignant transformation, metabolism, communication pathways, process for growth and metastasis, and genetic coding)

A

Targeted therapies

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27
Q

Decrease in the number of circulating platelets; potential for bleeding

A

Thrombocytopenia

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28
Q

Substance that can cause inflammation, damage, and neceosis with extavasation fromblood cells and contact with tissues

A

Vesicant

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29
Q

Increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ

A

Hyperplasia

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30
Q

Abnormal growth or development of cells/organs

A

Dysplasia

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31
Q

Conversion from one type of normal adult cell to another type of normal adult cell

A

Metaplasia

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32
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

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33
Q

When injected into the patient, these agents serve as antigens that stimulate an immune response.

A

Nonspecific biologic response modifiers

34
Q

This type of specificity allows MoAbs to destroy the cancer cells and spare normal cells.

A

Monoclonal Antibodies

35
Q

enhance or suppress the production and functioning of components of the immune system, are used to treat cancer or the adverse effects.

A

Cytokines

36
Q

The accidental leakage of intravenous (IV) fluids or medications from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues

A

extravasation

37
Q

When normal cells are exposed to dofferent carcinogens
- Dna of cell is damage
- Mutation stage

A

Initiation

38
Q

Cell proliferates; increase in number

A

Promotion

39
Q

Requires the ability to stimulate angiogenesis

A

Progression

40
Q

If we have damaged DNA, we can repair it in:

A

Initiation or programmed cell death

41
Q

Produce toxic effects by altering DNA structure

A

Chemical agents (carcinogenic)

42
Q

Causes cellular damage

A

Physical agents

43
Q

2 forms of radiation that causes CA

A
  1. UV radiation-Sun
  2. Ionizing radiation
44
Q

(type of radiation) Causes changes in DNA structure leading to malignant transformation

A

UV-radiation Sun

45
Q

Causes permanent DNA mutation when exposure is excessive

A

Ionizing radiation

46
Q

Promotes tumor growth

A

Drugs and Hormones

47
Q

Most lethal carcinogen

A

Tobacco smoke

48
Q

Pathophysiology of Cancer

A

Cancer develops when genetic mutations alter the DNA of a cell, leading to abnormal behavior. The mutated cell forms a clone that proliferates uncontrollably, bypassing normal regulatory mechanisms. These cells evade growth controls and continue to multiply due to abnormalities in signal transduction processes, ultimately leading to cancer development.

49
Q

Growth of cancer at the Cellular level

A

Tumor supressing gene
Cells proliferate
DNA repair
Mutation of proto-oncogene
Inactivation of more tumor suppressor genes
Cancer

50
Q

Diferrentiat benign to malignant

A
  1. Cell characteristics
  2. Mode of growth
  3. Rate of growth
  4. Metastasis
  5. General eefects
  6. Tissue destruction
  7. Ability to cause death
51
Q

CAUTION UP meaning

A

…

52
Q

Reducing risks in healthy individual (immunization, changes in lifestyle)

A

Primary prevention

53
Q

Early detection and screening

A

Secondary prevention

54
Q

Screening for second malignancies from survivors

A

Tertiary prevention

55
Q

Examples of second malignancies

A

Leukemia and lymphoma

56
Q

Tumor cells are withdrawn from the tumor with needle and syringe

A

Needle biopsy

57
Q

Small sample biopsy

A

Insicional biopsy

58
Q

Removes all the tumor; entire sample

A

Excisional biopsy

59
Q

Direct biopsy through endoscopy of the area

A

Endoscpic biopsy

60
Q

Goals of therapy

A

CCPP
Cure
Control
Palliation
Prophylaxis

61
Q

Complete eradication of CA cells

A

Cure

62
Q

Prolonged survival and containment of CA cell growth

A

Control

63
Q

Relief of symptoms

A

Palliation

64
Q

Provide treatment when non tumor is detectablebut client is known to be at risk

A

Prophylaxis

65
Q

Origin is at glandular tissue (breast, prostate)

A

Adenocarcinoma

66
Q

Origin is at embryonic tissue

A

Embryonal

67
Q

Meaning of TNM

A

…

68
Q

Cancer cells penetrate blood vessels and circulate until trapped

A

Vascular system

69
Q

CA penetrate the lymphatic system

A

Lyhatic system

70
Q

CA implant into a body organ

A

Implantation

71
Q

Primary tumor sloughs off tumor cells into a body cavity

A

Seeding

72
Q

Primary tumor sloughs off tumor cells into a body cavity

A

Seeding

73
Q

Local cure of CA

A

Primary

74
Q

Adjuvant

A

Before and after surgery to aid in destruction of CA cells

75
Q

Usually administered by high energy machines containing radioisotope

A

External radiation (teletherapy)

76
Q

Placement of specially prepared radioscopes directly or near tumor

A

Internal radiation (brachyterapy)

77
Q

Types of brachyterapy

A

Sealed source (delivers high dose of radiation to a localized area)
Unsealed source (intracavity; applicator, interstitial; sodium phosphate)

78
Q

Others; systemic IV, oral ex thyroid

A

Surface radiation

79
Q

Utilizes solid radioactive materials used implants

A

Interstitial therapy

80
Q

Inserted into cavity (ex vaginam cervix)

A

Intracavitary therapy

Ncm112 Midterms (1 decks)

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