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oncology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer characterized by?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth

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2
Q

What are the two main types of tumors?

A

Malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous)

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3
Q

What causes cancer?

A

External and internal factors

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4
Q

Which external factors can lead to cancer?

A

Chemicals, radiation, bacteria, viruses

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5
Q

What are examples of internal cancer-causing factors?

A

Genetic disorders (e.g., BRCA), hormones (e.g., estrogen), immune disorders

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6
Q

List lifestyle-related risk factors for cancer.

A

Sunlight, tobacco, alcohol, obesity, age, poor diet, low physical activity

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7
Q

How is cancer classified by tissue type?

A

Epithelial, connective, lymphoid, nerve

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8
Q

What is cancer diagnosis and classification based on?

A

Biopsy of excised tissue

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9
Q

Which imaging tests assist in cancer assessment?

A

X-ray, CT scan, PET scan, MRI

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10
Q

What can blood work detect in cancer cases?

A

Circulatory cancers, tumor markers, altered immunoglobulins

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11
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Cancer in skin or tissues lining organs

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12
Q

What does leukemia affect?

A

White blood cells

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13
Q

Which system does lymphoma affect?

A

Lymphatic system

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14
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Bone marrow cancer

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15
Q

Where does sarcoma develop?

A

Connective tissue

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16
Q

How do basal cell, squamous cell, and melanoma differ?

A

Basal/squamous are common and low risk; melanoma is rare but deadly

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17
Q

What is adjuvant therapy?

A

Treatment given after or with primary therapy

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18
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A non-cancerous growth

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19
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Tissue removal for microscopic cancer examination

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20
Q

What does curative treatment aim for?

A

Curing the cancer

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21
Q

What does hormone therapy do?

A

Alters hormone levels to kill or slow cancer cells

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22
Q

What are imaging tests used for in oncology?

A

Visualizing internal body structures

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23
Q

What does immunotherapy do?

A

Boosts the immune system to fight cancer

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24
Q

What does metastatic cancer mean?

A

Cancer that has spread to a new body site

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25
What is neoadjuvant treatment?
Therapy before the main treatment
26
What is palliative treatment?
Treatment to relieve symptoms or slow cancer
27
What is a polyp?
Growth from organ lining that may become cancerous
28
What is radiation therapy?
High-energy particles used to destroy cancer cells
29
What is a cancer recurrence?
Return of cancer after a period of no detection
30
What is remission?
Disappearance of cancer signs/symptoms
31
What does cancer staging describe?
Tumor size and spread (e.g., TNM or 0–4 scale)
32
What does terminal cancer mean?
Cancer that cannot be cured and results in death
33
What are tumor markers?
Substances in the body that may indicate cancer
34
How does metastasis form?
Cancer cells travel and form new tumors
35
What is the origin of secondary tumors?
Same type as the primary cancer
36
What are common warning signs of cancer?
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, sores, bleeding, lumps, etc.
37
What lifestyle habits can reduce cancer risk?
No tobacco, healthy diet, exercise, regular screening
38
What are effective sun protection practices?
Shade, SPF 15–30, hats, sunglasses
39
What are breast cancer screening guidelines?
Mammograms starting between ages 40–55+
40
What are cervical cancer screening guidelines?
Pap smear Q3Y (21–29), Pap+HPV Q5Y (30–65)
41
What is the age to begin colon cancer screening?
Age 45 for average-risk individuals
42
Who should get lung cancer screening?
55–74 years old with 30 pack-year smoking history
43
When should prostate cancer screening be considered?
Men >50 years, with PSA +/- DRE if they choose
44
What are pregnancy precautions with chemo?
Avoid conception, use barrier contraception, pregnant workers avoid handling chemo
45
What is the lifetime cumulative dose limit for Bleomycin, and why?
400 units; risk of pulmonary toxicity
46
What is the lifetime cumulative dose limit for Doxorubicin, and why?
450–550 mg/m²; risk of cardiotoxicity
47
What is the per-cycle max dose for Cisplatin, and why?
100 mg/m²; risk of nephrotoxicity
48
What is the single dose cap for Vincristine, and why?
2 mg; risk of neuropathy
49
Why are chemoprotectants used with some chemo meds?
To reverse or prevent toxic effects
50
Which chemo drugs do not cause myelosuppression?
Asparaginase, bleomycin, vincristine, MAbs, TKIs
51
Which drugs commonly cause chemo-induced nausea and vomiting?
Cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, epirubicin
52
Which agents commonly cause mucositis?
Fluorouracil, methotrexate, capecitabine, irinotecan, many TKIs
53
Which chemo agents most often cause diarrhea?
Irinotecan, capecitabine, fluorouracil, methotrexate, many TKIs
54
Which agents can lead to constipation?
Vincristine, pomalidomide, thalidomide
55
What causes xerostomia in cancer patients?
Radiation therapy to the head or neck
56
Which drugs are linked to cardiotoxicity?
Anthracyclines, HER2 inhibitors, fluorouracil (cardiomyopathy), TKIs, arsenic trioxide, leuprolide (QT prolongation)
57
Which agents cause pulmonary toxicity?
Bleomycin, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine (fibrosis); methotrexate, CTLA-4/PD-1 MAbs (pneumonitis)
58
What drugs are associated with hepatotoxicity?
Antiandrogens, methotrexate, cytarabine, many TKIs, immune therapy MAbs
59
Which drugs are nephrotoxic?
Cisplatin, high-dose methotrexate, pemetrexed, pralatrexate, some MAbs
60
What causes hemorrhagic cystitis in cancer treatment?
Ifosfamide (all doses) and high-dose cyclophosphamide
61
Which agents are commonly associated with peripheral or autonomic neuropathy?
Vinca alkaloids, platinums, taxanes, proteasome inhibitors, thalidomide, trastuzumab-ado, cytarabine (high doses), brentuximab
62
Which medications increase thromboembolic risk in cancer patients?
Aromatase inhibitors, SERMs, immunomodulators
63
What does 'ChemoMan' help identify?
Common organ-specific toxicities of chemotherapy drugs
64
What is the main toxicity of nitrosoureas (e.g., lomustine, carmustine)?
Neurotoxicity
65
What are the toxicities of platinum-based drugs like cisplatin and carboplatin?
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
66
What toxicity is associated with methotrexate in ChemoMan?
Mucositis
67
Which drugs in ChemoMan are linked to pulmonary fibrosis?
Bleomycin, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine
68
What is the toxicity risk of doxorubicin and other anthracyclines?
Cardiotoxicity
69
What is the toxicity concern with CTLA-4/PD-L1 immunotherapy?
Autoimmune syndromes (start in GI, can be systemic)
70
What toxicity is associated with Ifosfamide and Cyclophosphamide?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
71
Which drug classes are associated with peripheral neuropathy in ChemoMan?
Vinca alkaloids and taxanes
72
What chemo drug classes cause bone marrow suppression?
Alkylators, anthracyclines, platinums, taxanes, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids
73
What is given with cisplatin to reduce nephrotoxicity?
Amifostine and IV hydration
74
What is given with doxorubicin to prevent cardiomyopathy?
Dexrazoxane (Totect)
75
What is leucovorin’s role in combination with fluorouracil?
Enhances fluorouracil efficacy as a cofactor
76
What is the antidote for fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose?
Uridine triacetate (within 96 hours)
77
What is given with Ifosfamide to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis?
Mesna and IV hydration
78
What is used with irinotecan for diarrhea management?
Atropine (acute), loperamide (delayed)
79
What rescues from methotrexate toxicity?
Leucovorin or glucarpidase
80
How is anemia from myelosuppression treated?
ESAs like epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa
81
How is thrombocytopenia treated?
Platelet transfusion (if platelets <10,000)
82
How is neutropenia treated?
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) like filgrastim, pegfilgrastim
83
What is nadir in chemo patients?
Lowest WBC/platelet count ~7–14 days post-chemo
84
When do WBCs and platelets usually recover post-chemo?
Within 3–4 weeks
85
What ANC defines neutropenia?
<1,000 cells/mm³
86
What ANC defines severe neutropenia?
<500 cells/mm³
87
What ANC defines profound neutropenia?
<100 cells/mm³
88
What do G-CSFs do?
Stimulate WBC production in bone marrow
89
Name 3 G-CSF medications.
Filgrastim, pegfilgrastim, sargramostim
90
What is the brand name and route for Filgrastim?
Neupogen, IV/SC daily

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