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NCMB312 (Med-Surg) > Oncologic Nursing Overview > Flashcards

Oncologic Nursing Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor

A

AKA “Neoplasm”
Can be:
- Benign
- Malignant

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2
Q

Cellular Differentiation Theory

A
  • Benign growth patterns
    EXAMPLE:
    Hypertrophy (inc. in size of muscle cells)
    Hyperplasia (inc. cell production)
    Metaplasia (replacement of cell)
    Dysplasia (presence of abnormal cells)
  • Precursor of cancer
    EXAMPLES:
    Anaplasia (loss of characteristics from a normal cell)
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3
Q

Differentiation: Well differentiated, structure may be typical of tissue of origin.

Rate of growth: Usually progressive and slow, it may come to a standstill or regress. Mitotic features are rare and normal.

Local invasion: Usually cohesive and expansive, well-demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate surrounding tissues

Metastasis: Abset

A

Benign Tumor

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4
Q

Differentiation: Some lack differentiation with anaplasia, and structure is often atypical.

Rate of growth: Erratic and may be slow to rapid, mitotic figure may be numerous and abnormal

Local Invasion: Locally invasive; infiltrating surrounding normal tissues and sometimes may be seemingly cohesive and expansile

Metastasis: Present

A

Malignant Tumor

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5
Q

Failure of the Immune Response Theory

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma in HIV-AIDS Patients (cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels)

= LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Acts as a ‘sewerage system’ and it is important for the optimal functioning of our general and specific immune responses.

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6
Q

Tumor Type: Mesenchymal cells
Cell tissue of origin: Fibroblast, Fat cells, Bone cells

A

Benign Tumor: Fibroma, Lipoma, Osteoma
Malignant: Fibrosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Osteosarcoma

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7
Q

Tumor Type: Epithelial tumor
Cell tissue of origin: Squamous epithelium, Glandular or Ductal epithelium

A

Benign Tumor: Epithelioma, Adenoma
Malignant: Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma

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8
Q

Tumor Type: Internal organs
Cell tissue of origin: Liver cell

A

Benign Tumor: Liver cell adenoma
Malignant: Liver cell carcinoma

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9
Q

Tumor Type: Germ cell tumors
Cell tissue of origin: Embryonic cells

A

Benign Tumor: Teratoma
Malignant: Embryonal carcinoma

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10
Q

Initiation - exposure to initiating agents (carcinogens)

Promotion - carcinogens cause unregulated accelerated growth in previously initiated cells: reversible

Progression - tumor cells acquire malignant characteristics

A

Carcinogenesis

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11
Q

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

A
  • Altered cell differentiation
  • Appearance changes
  • Altered Metabolism
  • Tumor-specific antigens “non-self”/ foreign material
  • Altered cellular function
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12
Q

Term for cancer cells varying in size and shape

A

Pleomorphism

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13
Q

Term for an abnormal number of chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

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14
Q

Hallmark of cancer

A

Metastasis

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15
Q

Cell Cycle

A

G1 - Growth
S - DNA Synthesis
G2 - Growth and preparation for mitosis
M - Mitosis (Cell division)

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16
Q

What is the average doubling time for a solid tumor?

A

2 months

17
Q

A tumor that is 1 cm in size = 1 g in wt contains ___ cells

A

1 billion

18
Q

The ratio of the total number of cells to the number of dividing cells

A

Growth fraction

19
Q

Carcinogenic Factors

A
  • Heredity
  • Hormonal factors
  • Bacteria and parasites
  • Oncogenic viruses
  • Environmental factors
20
Q

Route of spread

A
  • Lymphatics
  • Blood vessels
  • Direct seeding (invading nearby normal tissue)
21
Q

Most common cancer in the Philippines

A
  • Breast
  • Lung
  • Cervical
  • Colorectal
  • Prostate
  • Adult leukemia
  • Head and neck
  • Thyroid
22
Q

Warning signs of cancer

A

C - Change in bladder or bowel habits
A - A sore/lesion that does not heal
U - Unusual bleeding or discharge
T - Thickening or lump (in the breast or elsewhere)
I - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - Obvious changes in warts or moles
N - Nagging cough or persistent hoarseness

U - Unexplained anemia
S - Sudden weight loss

23
Q

Tumor Markers (Diagnostic Tests)

A

A. Prostate-specific antigen

B. S – 100 – melanoma cells

C. Thyroglobulin

D. CA 15 – 3 or CA 27 – 29: breast cancer

E. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or CA 19 - 9: colorectal cancer

F. CA 125: ovarian cancer

G. HCG: germ cell tumors

H. AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein): liver cancer

I. Beta 2 macroglobulin (B2M): multiple myeloma, lymphocytic leukemia, and some lymphomas

J. Chromogranin A (CgA): neuroendocrine tumors, most sensitive for carcinoid tumors

24
Q

Diagnostic Imaging

A
  1. X-ray
  2. Mammography
  3. CT scan
  4. Ultrasound
  5. Nuclear medicine
  6. Positron Emission Tomography
  7. Lymphoscintigraphy
  8. MRI
25
Q

Most definitive diagnostic test for cancer

A

Biopsy

26
Q

Endoscopy

A
  • For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
  • Bronchial
  • GI Cancer
27
Q

Utilizes invasive surgical techniques to actually visualize structures and assess the extent of the disease (Staging of Cancer)

A

Surgical Staging

28
Q

Based on professional judgment and measurement of the primary tumor’s size, location in the body, and evidence of the disease through physical examination

A

Clinical Staging

29
Q

The practice of examination of the tissue of interest both grossly and microscopically to evaluate its characteristics and make an assessment a to the aggressiveness of the malignant tumor

A

Pathological Staging

30
Q

The branch of medicine that uses manual and instrumental to deal with the diagnosis and treatment of injury, deformity, and disease

A

Surgery

NCMB312 (Med-Surg) (5 decks)

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