On earth Flashcards
What is the biosphere?
Layers of live exists on earth
Name the components of the biosphere?
Lithosphere: soil and rocks
Hydrosphere: water
Atmosphere: gasses
Name the seven life processes:
- Nutrition - nutrients necessary for growth
- Growth - growing, replacing, repairing
- Reproduction - living things can produce
- Respiration - energy released from glucose
- Excretion - getting rid of waste products
- Sensitivity - detecting changes in surrounding area
- Movement - to move and change position
Name the requirements for sustaining life:
- Energy
- Gases
- Water
- Soil
- Favourable temperature
Name the five kingdoms of living organisms:
- Bacteria - single cell organism without a nucleus
- Protista - single cell organism with nucleus
- Fungi - organisms that cannot photosynthesise
- Plants - organisms that can photosynthesise
- Animals - organisms that are consumers
Name the five classes of vertebrates and give examples of each:
Fish: Shark Amphibians: Frog Reptiles: Crocodile Birds: Ostrich Mammals: Human
Arthropods
- Most common animals.
- Hard exoskeleton made from chitin.
- Segmented bodies.
- Jointed legs.
- Jointed appendages.
- 3 classes - insects, crustaceans, arachnoids
What is an angiosperm?
Angiosperms are flowering plants. They produce flowers which develop into seeds that can grow into new flowering plants.
What is a gymnosperm?
The word gymnosperm means ‘naked seed’. Plants with cones. Reproduce with seeds.
What is monocotyledons?
Fibrous root.
Parallel veined leaves.
Flowers divided into 3 or 6 parts.
Mealie.
What is dicotyledons?
Tap root.
Net veined leaves.
Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5.
Beans.
What is a hypothesis?
A sentence that describes what you think the result of an investigation will be.
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen between plants of the same species for fertilisation
Factors that facilitate pollination:
- Pollination by pollinators such as insects, birds and mammals.
- Pollination by wind.
- Pollination by water.
Hormone
A regulatory substance produced in an organ
Examples of invertebrates:
- Molluscs: snails
- Arthropods: insects
- Echinoderms: for example sea urchins
Plant Classification
- Seed-Bearing - Gymnosperm
- Angiosperm: Dicotyledons (2)
: Monocotyledons (1) - Non-seed bearing - Algae
- Fern
- Mosses
Name the structures of a flower: (sketch and label)
Pistil - Female reproductive part
Stamen - Male reproductive part
Anther - (male) produces pollen
Filament - (male) lifts the anther to the top of the flower
Stigma - (female) collects pollen from the male parts
Style - (female) long tube connecting stigma to ovary
Ovary - (female) contains the ovules
What is fertilisation?
After pollination, the male sex cell in the pollen grain needs to fuse with a female sex cell in the ovary to produce a fertile seed.
Human reproductive organs:
In males, the reproductive organs include the penis and two testes hanging in a pouch or bag of skin called the scrotum.
The female reproductive organs include the vagina, uterus, two fallopian tubes (oviducts) and two ovaries.
What is pregnancy?
When the male sperm and the female egg cell fuse is referred to as the moment of conception, or fertilisation, and this leads to pregnancy as the baby starts to develop.
Examples of physical properties of materials:
- Strenght
- Boiling and melting points.
- Flexibility.
- Electrical conductivity.
- Heat conductivity.
The definition of boiling point:
The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapour. Liquid changes into gas.
The definition of melting point:
The temperature at which a given solid will melt. Solid into liquid.
Electrical conductivity:
The property of carrying electricity.
Heat conductivity:
Heat conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that are touching.
Separation methods:
- By hand.
- Sieving or Filtration: the size of the grains of one substance must be larger than the other.
- Magnet: If one substance is magnetic and the other non-magnetic.
- Evaporation:
- Simple distillation: when you need to collect a pure solvent.
- Fractional distillation: if 2 liquids have different boiling points.
- Chromatography: separation of different colour pigments.
What are mixtures?
A mixture is an impure substance made up of 2 or more substances with different physical properties.
What is acids?
Sour taste, rough feel on skin, corrosive. Eg. lemon juice, vinegar, pool acid.
What is bases?
Bitter taste, slippery feel on skin. Corrosive. Eg. soap, washing powder, ammonia.
What is neutrals?
pH 7 is a neutral substance. Neither an acid nor a base. Eg. pure water, cooking oil
Properties of metals (left hand side of the table)?
- Shiny
- Malleable, not brittle.
- Solid at room temperature, except mercury.
- High boiling and melting points.
Properties of non-metals and semi-metals?
- Vary, depending on their natural state is in solid, liquid or gas.
- Dull.
- Weak and brittle.
Definition of element:
A pure substance that cannot be broken down any further.
Acids: Bromothymol blue Red litmus Blue litmus Universal indicator
Bromothymol blue - yellow
Red litmus - red
Blue litmus - red
Universal indicator - red, orange, yellow
Neutrals: Bromothymol blue Red litmus Blue litmus Universal indicator
Bromothymol blue - green
Red litmus - red
Blue litmus - blue
Universal indicator - green
Base: Bromothymol blue Red litmus Blue litmus Universal indicator
Bromothymol blue - blue
Red litmus - blue
Blue litmus - blue
Universal indicator - blue, violet, purple
The land snail (sketch and labels)
- The head:
2 tentacles with simple eyes
2 antennae sensitive to touch and smell
T-shaped mouth called radula uses this tongue for eating - The foot:
Wave-like movements
Slime gland spread slime - Visceral hump:
Internal organs protected by hump
Opening for breathing that leads into the hump
The definition of breed:
A group of animals or plants within a species that have a similar appearance.
The definition of variations:
The difference in living things of the same species.
The definition of impure substance:
Substance which is made up of particles with different properties.
The definition of pure substance:
Substance with the same particles.
The definition of solutions:
A liquid mixture in which a small amount of the substance is dissolved.
The Periodic Table of Elements:
A chart that categorises all the elements that make up matter and materials.
