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Nutritional Biochemistry II Final Exam > Omega-3 Fatty Acids > Flashcards

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Flashcards

1
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does ALA have? EPA? DHA?

A
  • ALA: 18:3n-3
  • EPA: 20:5n-3
  • DHA: 22:6n-3
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2
Q

What does SMASHT stand for?

A
  • Salmon
  • Mackerel
  • Anchovies
  • Sardines
  • Herring
  • Tuna
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3
Q

Where are DHA’s concentrations the highest? EPA?

A
  • DHA: retina and cerebral cortex

- EPA: low in all tissues

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4
Q

Where does the conversion of ALA to EPA/DHA occur in?

How about the beta-oxidation step?

A
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

- Beta-oxidation step: peroxisome

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5
Q

What is the rate limiting step in ALA conversion to EPA/DHA?

A

-Delta 6 desaturase (also known as Fatty acid desaturate 2)

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6
Q

What is wrong with consuming predatory fish?

A

-they may have high level of toxic contaminants such as mercury

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7
Q

Why doesn’t fish oil supplements contain mercury?

A
  • smaller fish are used
  • mercury doesn’t bind to oil
  • mercury may be removed during processing
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8
Q

How are lipid carbon-centered radicals produced?

A

-when free radicals oxidize the p-p (pie) bond

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9
Q

What are EPA and DHAs roles?

A
  • substrates for phospholipid membrane structure
  • cellular energy production
  • adipose storage
  • modulation of pleiotropic functional properties
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10
Q

Where does EPA/DHA compete with arachidonic acid? What happens when increased consumption of fish oil?

A
  • sn-2 position

- Increase fish oil results in decrease in arachidonic acid concentrations

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11
Q

How does EPA inhibit the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipids?

A

-by competitively inhibiting phospholipase A2

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12
Q

How does EPA reduce eicosanoid production?

A

-by competitively inhibiting COX and 5-LOX enzymes

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13
Q

What does Resolvin E1, Resolvin D1, and Neuroprotectin D1 produce through?

A

-COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes

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14
Q

What is the role of Resolvins?

A

-to shut off the ongoing inflammatory process therefore limiting tissue damage.

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15
Q

What do Resolvin E1, Resolvin D1, and Neuroprotectin D1 inhibit?

A
  • IL-1 and TNF production

- neutrophil infiltration by reducing E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression

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16
Q

What are the 2 transcription factors that play a role in inflammation?

A

-NFkB and PPARy

17
Q

What does EPA/DHA bind to in order to inhibit the activation of NFkB?

A

-PPARy

18
Q

What is the reasoning behind depressed bone formation rates and bone mineral density and increased bone resorption?

A

-High omega-6/omega-3 ratio

19
Q

What is arachidonic acid a substrate for?

A

-PGE2

20
Q

What does high concentrations of PGE2 do in regards to bone? and how?

A
  • stimulator of bone resorption

- PGE2 directly activates the RANKL receptor of osteoclasts

21
Q

What are the three conditions for fish oil to be highly recommended?

A
  • hypertriglyceridemia
  • hypertension
  • preventing secondary cardiovascular disease
22
Q

What is the difference between EPA and DHA supplementation?

A

-DHA reduces triglycerides better but increases LDLs more than EPA

23
Q

What are EPA and DHA precursors to?

A

-Resolvins and Neuroprotectin D1

24
Q

How does EPA and DHA decrease triacylglycerol concentrations?

A
  • Activates PPAR-a which increases hepatic Beta-oxidation via activation of Lipoprotein lipase
  • Decreased activation of SREBP-1 decreases lipogenesis via reduced production of fatty acid synthase
25
Q

How do Omega-3s prevent the development of arrhythmias? (Side note: can be pro-arrhythmic)

A

-decreases activity of L-type Ca2+ channels and increases activity of Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase active transports

26
Q

Which is a stronger activator of PPAR-a?

A

-EPA

27
Q

What is a great predictor of heart disease and what is its equation?

A

Omega-3 index (%) = [EPA + DHA / total FA] x 100

28
Q

How do Omega-3s inhibit carcinogenesis (cancer)?

A
  • inhibit NFkB
  • inhibit Bcl-2
  • Inhibit Ras
  • Inhibit TGF-beta1
  • Inhibit VEGF
29
Q

How does PPARy serve as a tumor suppressor?

A

-it is a transcription factor that activates SDC-1 which inhibits phosphorylation

Nutritional Biochemistry II Final Exam (2 decks)

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