OME/cardio/Valves

Question 1

Cause of Murmurs

Answer 1

Increased Turbulence due to narrowed lumen

Question 2

Murmurs are confirmed by using

Answer 2

Echocardiogram

Question 3

Murmurs are treated only if the are…

Answer 3

> grade 3, symptomatic, and diastolic

Question 4

Determine murmur grades

Answer 4

Grade 1. S1/S2 louder than murmur

2. S1/S2= to murmur
3. Murmur>S1/S2
4. Palpable/thrill
5. Heard with stethoscope off chest

Question 5

S1/S2 caused by

Answer 5

S1- closing of mitral/tricsupid valves

S2-Aorta/pulmonary

Question 6

Mitral valve best heard at

Answer 6

Apex 5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line

Question 7

Mitral stenosis best heard during

Answer 7

diastole

Question 8

Mitral stenosis causes…

Which may lead to….

Answer 8

build up within atrium

Afib

Question 9

Signs/Symptoms of mitral stenosis..

Answer 9

Similar to Lft side CHF

Question 10

Common cause of mitral stenosis

Answer 10

Rheumatic fever

Question 11

Auscultation of mitral stenosis sounds like

Answer 11

open snap with decrescendo murmur

Question 12

Degree of stenosis is based on

Answer 12

how early the snap is

Question 13

Treatment for mitral stenosis

Answer 13

1st-balloon plasty/valvotomy (due to possibility of Afib)

2nd-Valve replacement possible but, may mean additional replacements in future for younger pts.

Question 14

Aortic Stenosis best heard where

Answer 14

upper right 2nd intercostal space

All, physicians, take, money

Question 15

Aortic Stenosis sounds like

Answer 15

crescendo-decresendo

Question 16

Aortic Stenosis best heard during

Answer 16

Systole

Question 17

Common cause of Aortic Stenosis

Answer 17

calcification (Elderly pts) Bicuspid valve accelerates calcification (earlier onset)

Question 18

Common sign/symptom of Aortic Stenosis

Answer 18

Angina/syncope with exertion (increased O2 demand and decreased supply)

Question 19

Aortic Stenosis results in

Answer 19

excess blood with ventricles->floppy/dilated heart->CHF

Question 20

Treatment for Aortic Stenosis

Answer 20

1st-Preload reduction(diuretics-less to push)
2nd- Valve replacement with CABG (Coronary artery bypass graft)(replacement->lose of osia-openning- above valve for coronary artery)

Question 21

Effect of Mitral valve regurgitation on blood flow

Answer 21

1-Decreases forward flow

2-Increases back flow

Question 22

Mitral valve regurgitation is commonly due to?

Answer 22

1-MI-> ruptured papillary muscle and/or chordae tendineae
2-Mitral valve prolapse from valves that dont sit in annulus properly
3-Infective endocarditis

Question 23

Mitral valve regurgitation common in?

Answer 23

Pregnant women

Question 24

Mitral valve prolapse can be treated by?

Answer 24

Increasing volume so valves fit better (Beta-Blockers)

Question 25

Tx of Mitral valve regurgitation not due to prolapse?

Answer 25

Volume reduction

Question 26

Fibrillation vs flutter

Answer 26

Fib: fast pace (irregular) and Irregular beat (Interval)
Flutter: faster pace with regular beat

Question 27

Mitral valve regurgitation sound described as?

Answer 27

Holosystolic murmur radiating to axilla (armpit)

Question 28

Aortic insufficiency heard during?

Answer 28

Diastole

Question 29

2 common causes of Aortic insufficiency

Answer 29

MI and Infection

Question 30

increased volume in right atrium can–>

Answer 30

Stretch-> Afib and CHF like symptoms.

Question 31

Decreased forward flow–>

Answer 31

dilated ventricle and carcinogenic shock

Question 32

Aortic insufficiency sound described as?

Answer 32

Decrescendo

Question 33

2 valve conditions that cause increased preload

Answer 33

1-Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

2-Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 34

2 Maneuvers to increase preload

Answer 34

Squats and leg lift

Question 35

2 Maneuvers to increase after-load

Answer 35

Valsalva and hand squeeze

Question 36

Which two valve conditions worsens with increased afterload

Answer 36

1-Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

2-Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 37

Sudden death in a athletic young person think

Answer 37

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (obstructs aortic outflow)