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XRF > Olympus Radiation Safety > Flashcards

Olympus Radiation Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum from Long WL to Short

A
  • Radio
  • Microwave
  • Infrared
  • Visible
  • Ultraviolet
  • X-Ray
  • Gamma
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2
Q

Types of radiation

A
  • Ionizing (particle and non-particle)
  • Non-ionizing (non-particle)
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3
Q

Types of particle radiation

A
  • Alpha particles
  • Beta particles
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4
Q

Types of non-ionizing, non-particle radiation

A
  • UV
  • IR
  • Microwave
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5
Q

Types of ionizing, non-particle radiation

A
  • X-rays
  • Gamma rays
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6
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A
  • Does not eject electrons from atoms
  • Can cause burns
  • Does not cause acute radiation poisoning
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7
Q

Ionizing radiation

A
  • Can eject electrons from atoms
  • Can cause burns
  • Can cause acute radiation poisoning
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8
Q

Typical US radiation exposure level

A

620 milli-Rem

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9
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Roentgen Equivalent in Man

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10
Q

Most common unit of measurement for XRF radiation?

A

mREM

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11
Q

What does RAD stand for?

A

Radiation Adsorbed Dose

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12
Q

Convert 1 Sievert (Sv) to REM

A

100 REM

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13
Q

What is the average exposure for Olympus employees?

A

20 mREM / year

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14
Q

What is the average exposure for smoking?

A

280 mREM / year

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15
Q

What is the exposure for a mammogram?

A

70 mREM

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16
Q

What is the exposure for a dental X-ray?

A

10 mREM per X-ray

17
Q

What is the exposure for a chest X-ray?

A

8 mREM per X-ray

18
Q

What is the exposure from drinking water per year?

A

5 mREM / year

19
Q

What is the average exposure for a cross-country flight?

A

5 mREM / trip

20
Q

Occupational Limits of exposure

A
  • Hands and feet: 50,000 mREM/yr
  • Eyes (lens): 15,000 mREM/yr
  • Skin: 50,000 mREM/yr
  • Thyroid: 50,000 mREM/yr
  • Whole Body: 5,000 mREM/yr
21
Q

<10,000 mREM

A

No clinically discernible effects

22
Q

50,000 mREM

A

Slight changes in blood chemistry, but no detrimental effects

23
Q

100,000 mREM

A

Alteration to blood chemistry. Virtually impossible to get this from an XRF

24
Q

200,000 mREM

A

Nausea, vomiting, fatigue. Requires a nuclear event

25
Q

400,000 mREM

A

Nausea, vomiting, fatique, gastrointestinal effects, may cause premature death

26
Q

700,000 mREM

A

Acute exposure; failure of major organ systems; death likely

27
Q

Math for exposure with proper use of XRF

A
  • 0.1 mREM / hr at trigger (hand)
  • 10 hours / day
  • 5 days / week
  • 50 weeks / year
  • 250 mREM / yr
  • 0.5% of regulatory limit
28
Q

Olympus safety features

A
  • Radiation warning lights
  • Trigger Lock (dissable mechanical trigger)
  • Optional “Deadman” trigger
  • Radation label at the front and upon log-in
  • Proximity detector at the nose
29
Q

What is ALARA?

A

Keep radiation exposure “As Low As Reasonably Achievable”

30
Q

Three main approaches to practice ALARA

A
  • Time
  • Distance
  • Shielding
31
Q

ALARA Time

A
  • Less time = less radiation exposure
  • Never test longer than required
  • Don’t take more tests than necessary
32
Q

ALARA Distance

A
  • Don’t use your hand to hold a sample in front of analyzer
  • Never point at yourself or others
  • Keep away from snout (scattering)
  • Don’t scan through a table
  • Stay behind or above analyzer
  • 3 paces (3 meters) is considered safe for non-operators
33
Q

X-ray decay in air

A

Inverse Square Law
intensity = 1/(distance)^2

34
Q

Questions to ask local regulation agency

A
  • Local contact?
  • Will there be on-site inspections?
  • Audits?
  • Monitoring requirements?
  • Registratin and licensing requirements?
  • Cost?
  • Must register by when and can we use prior to registration?

XRF (2 decks)

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