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Neuroscience Exam 3 > Olfaction & visual systems > Flashcards

Olfaction & visual systems Flashcards

1
Q

olfactory pathway

A

Up through cribriform plate → olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → olfactory cortical areas
**No relay through the thalamus

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2
Q

general brain parts/functions

A

hippocampus - memory
hypothalamus - homeostasis/autonomic response
amygdala and limbic - emotion
epithalamus - coordination
ventral striatum - decision making and reward-related behavior
entorhinal cortex: connects memories and smells

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3
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

lateral geniculate nucleus

A 
medial = hearing
lateral = vision
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4
Q

VPM

A

somatic sensation for face/head

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5
Q

VPL

A

somatic sensation for the rest of the body

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6
Q

fracture of anterior cranial fossa - anosmia

A

lack of smell

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7
Q

fracture of anterior cranial fossa - CSF rhinorrhea

A

Leakage of CSF from subarachnoid space into nasal cavity

Route for bacteria to enter brain - can cause infection

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8
Q

type of receptor cells present in olfactory system

A

Specialized bipolar neurons (1st order neurons)

Chemoreceptors / Exteroreceptors

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9
Q

location of receptor cells in olfactory system

A

Located in mucous membrane in nasal cavity
Hairs/cilia react to odors
NO relay through thalamus

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10
Q

constant turnover of cells

A

replaced every 60 days

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11
Q

functions of visual system

A

Focus images on back of retina
Adjust dark/light intensity; different degrees of light
Color detection
Shape and movement detection (processing)
Localize visual stimuli

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12
Q

orbit

A

Socket: contains eyeball, blood vessels, nerves

Fractures cause visual disturbances

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13
Q

eyelids

A

Protect eyes
Orbicularis oculi – closes eylid (CN VII)
Lesion in nerve or facial motor nucleus in pons (Bell’s Palsy) leads to inability to close eyelid
Levator palpebrae superioris – opens eyelid (CN III)
Lesion in nerve or oculomotor nucleus in midbrain leads to Ptosis (drooping eyelid due to weakness)

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14
Q

Lacrimal Glands

A

Keep eye lubricated (produce tears)
Innervated by CN VII
Lesion to nerve or motor nuclei can result in inability to tear/dry eye (BP)
Puts cornea at risk with foreign objects entering eye

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15
Q

Eyeball - cornea

A

Light refraction and focusing image
Sensory innervation by CN V
Reflex by CN V (afferent, brainstem to facial motor n.) and CN VII (efferent, to orbicularis oculi)
Lesions in CN V, CN VII, or facial motor nucleus in pons will impair/lose corneal blink reflex to touch

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16
Q

Eyeball - iris

A 
Pupil is hole in iris that constricts and dilates in response to light
Parasympathetic Innervation
cell bodies of neurons in Edinger Westphal nucleus in midbrain
Axons leave midbrain in CN III
Action = constrict pupil
Lesion – dilated pupil
Sympathetic Innervation
Dilates pupil
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17
Q

Eyeball - Ciliary body

A

Change shape for proper focus (smooth muscle attach to lens – contract and change)
Ciliary muscles innervated be Edinger-Westphal nucleus in midbrain (CN III)
Important in focusing image for looking at close objects
Lesions: difficulty focusing

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18
Q

Eyeball - photoreceptors

A

Sit in retina
Rods: highly sensitive to light for night vision; no color (monochromatic); do not help with visual acuity
Cones: for colors (trichromatic) and visual acuity; low sensitivity to light

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19
Q

corneal blink reflex

A

Blink reflex is a protective mechanism in response to touch
When something is touching eye, CN V sends signal to brainstem to facial motor nucleus
CN VII transmits signal to the orbicularis oculi and you blink

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20
Q

how corneal blink reflex can be lost

A

Can be lost due to lesions to CN V or CN VII or their nuclei

21
Q

vision pathway

A

Light through cornea → Lens → Retina → Photo receptors → Ganglion Cells → Optic Nerve → Optic Chiasm → Optic Tract → Lateral Geniculate Nucleus → Optic Radiation → Primary Visual Cortex

22
Q

lesion in optic nerve

A

ipsilateral blindness (blind in that eye)

23
Q

lesion in optic chiasm

A

Tunnel Vision: cuts off nasal retinas so we lose peripheral vision

24
Q

lesion in optic tract

A

ipsilateral temporal retina, contralateral nasal retina and visual field, homonymous hemianopsia

25
Q

lesion in visual cortex

A

cortical blindness (partial or complete)

26
Q

left visual field

A

nasal retina from left eye, temporal retina from right eye

27
Q

right visual field

A

nasal retina from right eye, temporal retina from left eye

28
Q

to have complete perspective of L/R visual fields you have to …

A

get information from both eyes

29
Q

hypermetropia

A

farsighted

  • cannot focus well on near objects
  • caused by misshapen lens or cornea or eyeball sizes and shapes that produce refractive errors.
30
Q

myopia

A

nearsighted

  • cannot focus well on far away objects
  • caused by misshapen lens or cornea or eyeball sizes and shapes that produce refractive errors.
31
Q

presbyopia

A

reduction in visual acuity due to aging in which individuals have trouble focusing on near objects

32
Q

cataracts

A

age-induced

clouds the lens reducing vision in the eye

33
Q

glaucoma

A

due on an increase in intra-ocular pressure which damages the retina; early sign is tunnel vision

34
Q

macular degeneration

A

familial

35
Q

saccades

A

rapid movement of the eye between fixation points

36
Q

components of saccades

A

the oculomotor system: moves the eyes in the orbits

head-movement system: moves the eye sockets

37
Q

visual association cortex (PCA) is responsible for

A

association: needs info to tell you what you are seeing

object agnosias and prospoagnosias

38
Q

limbic system is responsible for

A

emotional responses to light

seasonal affective disorder

39
Q

CN VII (facial) is responsible for

A

blink in response to light

another form of blink reflex where the stimuli to blink is light rather than touch

40
Q

superior colliculus and the spinal cord is responsible for

A

Visual discrimination and integration occur in superior colliculus with somatosensory and auditory input to help orient eyes

motor response of head and body in response to visual input

41
Q

hypothalamus is responsible for

A

circadian rhythms

42
Q

Pretectum and Edinger Westphal Nucleus (CNIII) is responsible for

A

constricting pupil in response to light

43
Q

visual fields are made up of

A

nasal and temporal retina

44
Q

focal point

A

far side of each eye and medial corner of each eye

45
Q

lesion in optic radiation

A

similar to tract but bigger section so less of an impact; partial visual field loss

46
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

shine light in one eye, both pupils restrict

light received by Edinger Westphal nucleus (acc. to oculomotor n) → ciliary ganglion → pupils constrict

47
Q

frontal eye field

A

NOT the same as visual field
portion of the brain that helps control the direction eyes move
lesion: eyes drift in the direction of the lesion

48
Q

PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation) and lesion

A

segment of brainstem that helps coordinate abducens and oculomotor nuclei
lesion: eyes drift to opposite side

Neuroscience Exam 3 (6 decks)

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