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Olfaction, Taste, Hearing & Equilibrium > Olfaction, Taste, Hearing & Equilibrium > Flashcards

Olfaction, Taste, Hearing & Equilibrium Flashcards

1
Q

the auditory part of the labyrinth

A

cochlea

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2
Q

otolith organs and the semicircular canals

A

form the vestibular part of the labyrinth.

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3
Q

a perception of sound energy

A

Hearing

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4
Q

Hearing involves two aspects:

A

identification of the sounds (what?) and their localization (where?).

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5
Q

The specialized receptors for sound are located in the _______ inner ear.

A

fluid-filled

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6
Q

The inside of the tympanic membrane is exposed to the atmospheric pressure through the ______ ______, which connects middle ear to the pharynx.

A

Eustachian tube

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7
Q

________ opens the Eustachian tube and allows the pressure on the both sides of the tympanic membrane to equalize

A

Yawning

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8
Q

transfers the vibratory movements of the tympanic membrane to the fluid of the inner ear.

A

The middle ear

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9
Q

structures of the middle ear amplify the force of sound waves, resulting in _______ forces at the oval window

A

pressure

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10
Q

Cochlea is divided into three compartments

A

scala media (endolymph), scala vestibular and scala tympani (perilymph).

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11
Q

Basilar membrane bears the ______ of ______, the sense organ of hearing

A

organ of Corti

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12
Q

•Protruding from surface of each hair cell are about 100 hairs, known as

A

stereocilia

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13
Q

The stereocilia are mechanically embedded in the

A

tectorial membrane

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14
Q

has a high [K+]

A

Endolymph

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15
Q

displacement of stereo cilia toward the kinocilium open ________ cation channel.
K+ entry causes depolarization of hair cell membrane.
Leads to ____ entering, and _________ of neurotransmitter = depolization of auditory neuron

A

nonsleective
Ca
exocytosis

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16
Q

Afferent fibers from spiral ganglion form, which joins vestibular nerve to become the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

the auditory (cochlear) nerve.

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17
Q 
Sends information to other
cortical processing areas:
e.g. Wernicke’s area
(understanding of written and
spoken language)
A

Auditory cortex

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18
Q

processes of acoustic signals to

distinguish if they are speech, music, or noise.

A

Wernicke’s area

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19
Q

Occurs due to blockage of the ear canal with earwax, rupture of the tympanic membrane, middle ear infections with fluid accumulation, bony adhesions between the stapes and the oval window.

A

conductive deafness

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20
Q

The defect can lie in the organ of Corti or the auditory nerves or, rarely, in the ascending auditory pathways or auditory cortex.

A

sensorineural deafnessa

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21
Q

a degenerative, age-related process that occurs as hair cells “wear out” with use.

A

Neural presbycusis

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22
Q

Decreased number of hair cells, loss of spiral ganglion, formation of reactive oxygen species

A

Amynoglycoside antibiotics

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23
Q

Decreased number of hair cells, changes in mitochondrial function, direct cell death

A

Chemotherapeutic agents

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24
Q

Reduction in endocochlear potential

A

Chemotherapeutic agents, diuretics, and aminoglycosides

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25
Q

Disruption of endocochlear fluid homeostasis, disruption of endolymph homeostasis

A

Diuretics

26
Q

Decreased cochlear blood flow due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

A

Quinine and salicylates

27
Q

Activation of NMDA receptors has been implicated in tinnitus induction

A

Quinine and salicylates

28
Q

although used alone cause only temporary hearing loss, they potentiate the toxicity of other ototoxic agents

A

Diuretics

29
Q

hearing loss is generally reversible and usually occurs only with high doses

A

Quinine and salicylates

30
Q

these drugs can cause permanent hearing loss

A

Amynoglycoside antibiotics

31
Q

may occur as a result of disorders in the middle or inner ear or along the central neuronal pathways.

A

Tinnitus

32
Q

treament of tinnitus

A

ignore sounds

33
Q

•Provides information essential for the sense of equilibrium and for coordinating head movements with eye and postural movements

A

Vestibular system

34
Q

Vestibular system consists of two sets of structures

A

semicircular canals and the otolith organs

35
Q

provide information about the position of the head relative to the gravity and detect changes in the rate of linear motionOtolith organs

A

Otolith organs

36
Q

detect rotational and angular acceleration or deceleration of the head, such as when starting or stopping spinning, or turning the head.

A

The semicircular canals

37
Q

Superior, horizontal and posterior canals hair cells are located in a swelling called the

A

ampulla.

38
Q

The cilia of the hair cells project into a gelatinous mass called the _______.
Movements cause generation of receptor potentials in the hair cells

A

cupula

39
Q

the sensation that either the body or the environment are moving, when actually both are stationary = spinning sensation

A

Vertigo

40
Q

a sensation of lightheaded-

ness, faintness, or unsteadiness

A

Dizziness

41
Q

the most common cause of pathologic vertigo

A

Vestibular dysfunction

42
Q

Spatial orientation and posture are controlled by three sensory systems:

A

vestibular, visual and somatosensory; a mismatch between any of these can result in vertigo.

43
Q

an abnormality of the inner ear causing vertigo or severe dizziness, tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss, nystagmus, and the sensation of pressure or pain in the affected ear

A

Ménière disease

44
Q

Ménière disease treatment

A

There is no cure, but the symptoms can be controlled by reducing the fluid retention through dietary changes (low-salt or salt-free diet, no caffeine, no alcohol) or with diuretics.

45
Q

Nausea and vomiting are caused by stimulation of the

A

vomiting center in the medulla

46
Q

Drugs used to prevent motion sickness suppress signals between vestibular nuclei and the vomiting center. They target

A

muscarinic and histaminic (H1) synaptic receptors

47
Q

a belladonna alkaloid, which acts by blocking cholinergic transmission from the vestibular nuclei to higher centers in the CNS.

A

Scopolamine

48
Q

primarily a H1-antagonist, but also has an antimuscarinic effect

A

•Dramamine (dimenhydrinate)

49
Q

an antihistaminic agent (marketed as “Dramamine II”) less likely to cause drowsiness.

A

•Meclizine

50
Q

•Axons of the olfactory sensory neurons enter ______ _____, where they synapse with second-order neurons

A

olfactory bulb

51
Q

From olfactory bulb the information is transmitted to higher brain structures including the (3)

A

piriform cortex, hippocampus and amygdala

52
Q

can result from nasal congestion, damage to the olfactory nerves, tumors (neuroblastomas, meningiomas), infections, overuse of nasal vasoconstrictors, smoking.

A

Anosmia and hyposmia

53
Q

_________ disease can also damage the olfactory nerves

A

alzheimers

54
Q

a homeopathic intranasal substance marketed to alleviate cold symptoms, has been implicated in olfactory dysfunction

A

Zicam

55
Q

Taste receptors are located on projections from the surface of the tongue called

A

papillae

56
Q

Each papillae has numerous ______, which open onto the surface of the tongue at a small depression called the _______

A

taste buds

taste pore

57
Q

•Each taste bud contains approximately 100 taste receptor cells with

A

microvilli.

58
Q

Sour taste is caused by

A

acids, which contain free H+.

59
Q

______ substances use intracellular second messengers: binding of glucose » cAMP production» depolarization of the receptor cell membrane.

A

sweet

60
Q

receptors use
more than one transduction mechanism depending on the tastant: direct binding to K+ channel and changes in second messengers.

A

bitterness

61
Q

taste is elicited by activation of ionotropic glutamate receptor, which mediates depolarization.

A

Umami taste

Olfaction, Taste, Hearing & Equilibrium (1 decks)

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