Older persons health

Question 1

What are some common cardiovascular changes seen in older adults?

Answer 1

Decreased cardiac output, increased blood pressure, and slower heart rate

Question 2

What respiratory system changes often occur in older adults?

Answer 2

Decreased lung elasticity and efficiency of the lungs, and weaker respiratory muscles.

Question 3

What are typical changes in the musculoskeletal system in older adults?

Answer 3

Bone density decreases, joint flexibility reduces, and muscle mass and strength decrease.

Question 4

How does the nervous system change in older adults?

Answer 4

Slower reaction times, possible memory impairments, decreased sensation, and risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

Question 5

What are age-related changes in the endocrine system?

Answer 5

Decreased insulin sensitivity, altered hormone production, and slower metabolic rate.

Question 6

How does the digestive system change with aging?

Answer 6

Decreased saliva and gastric acid production, slower peristalsis, and possible changes in taste and smell.

Question 7

What changes occur in the renal system with aging?

Answer 7

Decreased kidney size and function, reduced bladder capacity, and increased risk of urinary incontinence.

Question 8

How does skin change with aging?

Answer 8

Reduced elasticity and moisture, slower wound healing, and increased risk of skin injuries and diseases.

Question 9

What changes occur in the sensory organs with aging?

Answer 9

Potential for hearing and vision loss, changes in taste and smell, and decreased tactile sensation

Question 10

How does the immune system change with aging?

Answer 10

Weakened immune response, slower healing rates, and increased risk of infection.

Question 11

What are some common chronic conditions in older adults?

Answer 11

Heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and osteoporosis

Question 12

What are some signs and symptoms of heart disease?

Answer 12

Chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and swelling in legs and feet

Question 13

What are common symptoms of diabetes in older adults?

Answer 13

Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds.

Question 14

What is osteoporosis and how does it present in older adults?

Answer 14

Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones. It may present with back pain, height loss, and fractures with minor injuries.

Question 15

What are symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in its early stages?

Answer 15

Memory loss, difficulty completing familiar tasks, confusion, and changes in mood or personality.

Question 16

How does hypertension often present in older adults?

Answer 16

Hypertension may be asymptomatic or present with headache, shortness of breath, or nosebleeds.

Question 17

What are common signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer 17

Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, and chronic cough.

Question 18

What are the common signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 18

Tremors, slowed movement (bradykinesia), rigid muscles, impaired posture and balance, and changes in speech.

Question 19

How does chronic kidney disease present in older adults?

Answer 19

Symptoms may include fatigue, reduced urine output, swelling in ankles and feet, and decreased mental sharpness.

Question 20

What are some common signs of depression in older adults?

Answer 20

Sadness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, changes in appetite or weight, difficulty sleeping or oversleeping, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and in some cases, thoughts of death or suicide.

Question 21

What is the role of a nurse in managing an older adult with dementia?

Answer 21

A nurse can help in managing dementia by providing a safe and comfortable environment, assisting with daily tasks, providing mental stimulation, managing behavioural changes, communicating effectively, and supporting the patient’s family or caregivers.

Question 22

What are some non-pharmacological interventions for anxiety in older adults?

Answer 22

Non-pharmacological interventions may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, mindfulness, aerobic exercise, and providing a calm and supportive environment.

Question 23

Name three common mental health disorders in older adults.

Answer 23

Depression, Anxiety, Alzheimer’s/Dementia.

Question 24

What are some early signs of dementia?

Answer 24

Memory loss, difficulty completing familiar tasks, confusion with time or place, trouble understanding visual images, and difficulties in speaking or writing.

Question 25

How does delirium differ from dementia?

Answer 25

Delirium has a sudden onset and usually fluctuates during the day. It can often be traced to a specific cause, like medication, infection, or hospitalization. Dementia, on the other hand, is a progressive disease, with symptoms gradually worsening over time.

Question 26

What are some common triggers for agitation in older adults with dementia?

Answer 26

Environmental changes, physical discomfort, medication side effects, overstimulation, and inability to communicate needs or feelings

Question 27

Define polypharmacy and its risk for older adults

Answer 27

The concurrent use of multiple medications by a patient, typically defined as taking five or more drugs concurrently. Has an Increased risk of adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, medication non-adherence, cognitive impairment, and falls.

Question 28

Name three common classes of medication used in older adults.

Answer 28

Antihypertensives, statins, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Question 29

What can nurses do to improve medication adherence in older adults?

Answer 29

Provide clear instructions, simplify medication regimens, use medication reminders, involve family members or caregivers, and address patient concerns or fears about the medication.

Question 30

How does aging affect drug metabolism?

Answer 30

Aging can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This can lead to increased sensitivity to medications and increased risk of adverse effects. Factors include reduced kidney and liver function, decreased gastrointestinal absorption, and increased body fat.

Question 31

What is dysphagia and how can it affect an older person’s nutrition?

Answer 31

Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing. It can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and increased risk of aspiration pneumonia in older adults.

Question 32

How does dehydration present in older adults?

Answer 32

Symptoms may include confusion, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, dry mouth, little or no urination, and constipation.

Question 33

What are some strategies to encourage nutritional intake in older adults with decreased appetite?

Answer 33

Small, frequent meals; nutrient-dense foods; appealing presentation; ensuring dentures fit properly; addressing pain or other discomfort.

Question 34

What is the role of dietary fiber in an older adult’s diet?

Answer 34

Dietary fiber aids in digestion, prevents constipation, and may help control blood sugar and cholesterol

Question 35

Why is protein intake important in older adults?

Answer 35

Protein is crucial for maintaining muscle mass and supporting immune function.

Question 36

What are some signs of malnutrition in older adults?

Answer 36

Unintentional weight loss, fatigue, muscle weakness, poor wound healing, and anemia.

Question 37

Why are vitamin D and calcium particularly important in the diet of older adults?

Answer 37

These nutrients support bone health and can help prevent osteoporosis.

Question 38

What strategies can be employed to assist older adults with mealtime?

Answer 38

Assistance with feeding, providing adaptive utensils, creating a pleasant meal environment, and allowing ample time for meals.

Question 39

Name three strategies for fall prevention in older adults.

Answer 39

Regular vision and hearing checks, home safety modifications, and strength/balance exercises.

Question 40

What are the most recommended vaccines for older adults?

Answer 40

Flu, pneumococcal, shingles, and COVID-19 vaccines.

Question 41

Name three prevention strategies for pressure ulcers.

Answer 41

Regular repositioning, skin care, and use of pressure-reducing devices.

Question 42

How does regular exercise contribute to disease prevention in older adults?

Answer 42

Exercise can help manage weight, strengthen the heart, lower blood pressure, improve balance, and maintain muscle mass.

Question 43

What lifestyle modifications can prevent chronic diseases in older adults?

Answer 43

Regular exercise, balanced diet, adequate sleep, stress management, no smoking, and moderate or no alcohol.

Question 44

What is the nurse’s role in advanced care planning?

Answer 44

The nurse can facilitate discussions, provide information, clarify patient’s wishes, and ensure these wishes are documented and respected.

Question 45

How can a nurse support family members in end-of-life care?

Answer 45

The nurse can provide emotional support, information, and guidance, and ensure family members take care of their own physical and emotional health.

Question 46

What non-drug interventions can assist in managing pain at the end of life?

Answer 46

Non-drug interventions can include relaxation techniques, distraction, cold/warm therapy, and positioning.

Question 47

What are some signs of approaching death?

Answer 47

Decreased food/water intake, increased sleep, changes in breathing, withdrawal, confusion, and restlessness.

Question 48

How to communicate with a hearing-impaired older adult?

Answer 48

Ensure the room is well-lit, face them directly, articulate clearly without shouting, and use gestures or written words if necessary.

Question 49

How do you communicate with a patient who has dementia?

Answer 49

Use simple words and sentences, maintain eye contact, use body language and touch to convey messages, and use a calm, soothing voice.

Question 50

How to validate the feelings of an older adult patient?

Answer 50

Listen carefully, acknowledge their feelings without judgment, show empathy, and provide comforting and reassuring responses.

Question 51

What vaccines are recommended for older people in NZ?

Answer 51

The Influenza (Flu) Vaccine - Recommended for anyone over the age of 65, The shingles vaccination (free at the age of 65), and the combined vaccination for diptheria, tetanus and whooping cough (DTaP) (free).